Effect of grain colour gene (R) on grain dormancy and sensitivity of the embryo to abscisic acid (ABA) in wheat

Himi, Eiko; Mares, Daryl J.; Yanagisawa, Akira; Noda, Kazuhiko

doi:10.1093/jxb/erf005

Cited by 136 publications

(126 citation statements)

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“…Red color pericarp/testa has been used as a genetic marker for selecting PHS resistance (Gale and Lenton 1987;Groos et al 2002;Himi et al 2002). Several other DNA markers for grain color genes have been developed Mean sprouting rates of three contrasting haplotype groups according to the three SNPs, where haplotype I represents 20 cultivars that share the same haplotype with Rio Blanco; haplotype II represents 46 cultivars that share the same haplotype with Chinese Spring, which has one mutation at the promoter region (Nakamura et al 2011), and haplotype III represents 16 cultivars that share the same haplotype with NW97S186, which has all mutations at three sites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Grain color and seed dormancy have long been regarded as two major factors affecting PHS resistance (Gfeller and Svejda 1960;Bewley 1997;Groos et al 2002). White grain wheat is usually more susceptible to PHS than red grain wheat (Gale and Lenton 1987;Groos et al 2002;Himi et al 2002). Demand for white grain wheat is increasing rapidly in many countries because of consumer preferences, higher flour yield, and better enduse quality; therefore, improving resistance to PHS in white wheat is imperative for successful production in environments where PHS occurs.…”

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Cloning and Characterization of a Critical Regulator for Preharvest Sprouting in Wheat

et al. 2013

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Sprouting of grains in mature spikes before harvest is a major problem in wheat (Triticum aestivum) production worldwide. We cloned and characterized a gene underlying a wheat quantitative trait locus (QTL) on the short arm of chromosome 3A for preharvest sprouting (PHS) resistance in white wheat using comparative mapping and map-based cloning. This gene, designated TaPHS1, is a wheat homolog of a MOTHER OF FLOWERING TIME (TaMFT)-like gene. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of the gene confirmed that TaPHS1 positively regulates PHS resistance. We discovered two causal mutations in TaPHS1 that jointly altered PHS resistance in wheat. One GT-to-AT mutation generates a mis-splicing site, and the other A-to-T mutation creates a premature stop codon that results in a truncated nonfunctional transcript. Association analysis of a set of wheat cultivars validated the role of the two mutations on PHS resistance. The molecular characterization of TaPHS1 is significant for expediting breeding for PHS resistance to protect grain yield and quality in wheat production. WHEAT is a staple food crop for .40% of the world's population and provides .20% of calories and proteins for humans (Gill et al. 2004). Preharvest sprouting (PHS) in wheat (physiologically mature grains germinating in spikes before harvest) causes significant loss in grain yield and quality, particularly in regions with prolonged wet weather during the harvest season. Direct annual losses caused by PHS approach $1 billion dollars worldwide (Black et al. 2006).Resistance to PHS in wheat is a complex trait that is affected by both genotype and environment (Imtiaz et al. 2008). Grain color and seed dormancy have long been regarded as two major factors affecting PHS resistance (Gfeller and Svejda 1960;Bewley 1997;Groos et al. 2002). White grain wheat is usually more susceptible to PHS than red grain wheat (Gale and Lenton 1987;Groos et al. 2002;Himi et al. 2002). Demand for white grain wheat is increasing rapidly in many countries because of consumer preferences, higher flour yield, and better enduse quality; therefore, improving resistance to PHS in white wheat is imperative for successful production in environments where PHS occurs.Seed dormancy is another important trait of PHS resistance (Bewley 1997;Mares et al. 2005;Sussman and Phillips 2009). Adequate seed dormancy can reduce or block PHS during harvest seasons, but dormancy breaks down during seed storage so seeds germinate uniformly after sowing. Several other factors have been proposed as potential contributors to overall PHS resistance in field conditions, including germination-inhibitory substances residing in chaff tissue (Derera and Bhatt 1980;Gatford et al. 2002), physical barriers to water penetration in a spike, and spike morphology such as structure and erectness of wheat spikes, openness of florets, and tenacity of glumes (King and Richards 1984). The degree to which these factors contribute to the levels of wheat PHS resistance remains unknown.To date, PHS resistance genes have not b...

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Cloning and Characterization of a Critical Regulator for Preharvest Sprouting in Wheat

et al. 2013

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“…Another facet of pre-harvest sprouting in wheat relates to seed coat colour in which red coats are generally more resistant than seeds with white coats (Nilsson-Ehle 1914;DePauw and McCaig 1983;Himi et al 2002). It is thought that the relationship between pre-harvest sprouting resistance and grain colour is due to pleiotropic characteristics of three red alleles (Flintham 2000;Himi and Noda 2005).…”

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confidence: 99%

Maximizing the identification of QTL for pre-harvest sprouting resistance using seed dormancy measures in a white-grained hexaploid wheat population

et al. 2015

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Pre-harvest sprouting in spring wheat causes significant financial loss to growers throughout the world and sprouting damage can be reduced by growing resistant genotypes. Several genetic factors, especially those related to seed dormancy, are involved in the control of pre-harvest sprouting resistance. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing pre-harvest sprouting resistance from multiple measures of dormancy at multiple germination intervals on seed harvested across multiple environments. A doubled haploid mapping population of 91 individuals derived from a cross of two Canadian white-seeded spring wheat genotypes, SC8021-V2 (pre-harvest sprouting resistant) and AC Karma (moderately susceptible to pre-harvest sprouting) was used for QTL mapping. Daily germination counts were analysed using germination index, germination resistance and percent germination at intervals of 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 and 21 days from spike samples collected from six field and one greenhouse environments in Saskatchewan, Canada. Continuous frequency distributions at certain measure-durations indicated genetic complexity of dormancy segregation in the SC8021-V2/AC Karma cross. Composite interval mapping detected significant (p B 0.05) QTL associated with resistance to pre-harvest sprouting on all 21 wheat chromosomes. Of the 26 total QTL, six were novel and the rest were detected either at the same marker or overlapping a marker interval reported in other studies. QTL expressed consistently for germination index, germination resistance and percent germination at different germination durations on chromosomes 2B, 4A, 5D and 6D. QTL identified on homoeologous chromosomes 4A, 4B and 4D with chromosome specific molecular variants of SSR marker wmc617 suggest a conserved region for controlling dormancy on group four. The majority of QTL mapped in regions known to contain factors affecting different components of pre-harvest sprouting resistance like seed dormancy, seed coat colour, ABA responsiveness and alpha-amylase activity. This study demonstrated that using multiple measures of seed dormancy Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10681-015-1460-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Euphytica (2015) 205:287-309 DOI 10.1007/s10681-015-1460 at multiple intervals of germination enhanced identification of QTL affecting dormancy in white-seeded hexaploid wheat.

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“…Quick et al (1997) proved that embryos of dormant caryopses of the common wild oat (Avena fatua L.) contained less P i , whose level started to increase during post-harvest maturation. In dormant seeds, positive correlation has been shown between the content of anthocyanins and their sensitivity to ABA (Himi et al 2002). Bewley (1997) reports that in mutants of Arabidopsis, which lack the genes ABI3 (responsible for seeds' sensitivity to ABA), the synthesis of anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway enzymes is likewise halted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ABA may affect the dormancy in triticale caryopses by inhibition of embryo class I RNases, enzymes involved in Pi release

Szypulska

Weidner

2011

Acta Physiol Plant

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The main objective of this study was to analyze the differences in profiles of RNase activities from triticale embryos (Triticosecale, cv. Ugo) between dormant and non-dormant caryopses and to determine the influence of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) on the activities of these enzymes. The major RNase from the examined tissue was detected following SDS-PAGE, with substrate-based gel assay, described by Yen and Green (Plant Physiol 97:1487-1493, 1991. The activities of enzymes were characterized according to their pH optima, ion dependence, EDTA sensitivity and DNase activity. In embryos with arrested growth (in a natural way by dormancy or artificially by ABA treatment), the activity of two enzymes-24 and 27 kDa-belonging to class I RNases was completely inhibited, whereas that of two other RNases of this family-23 and 25 kDa-was detectable. However, the activity of the class I ribonucleases (enzymes responsible for cellular P i release) was very low. Moreover, in contrast with non-dormant caryopses, imbibing embryos of dormant or ABA-treated seeds contained 13-and 14-kDa enzymes. These enzymes have not been classified so far, and their specific properties are different from the generally accepted properties of ribonucleolytic enzymes. In addition to the above results, the P i content in the analyzed samples was determined by the Ames (Methods Enzymol 8:115-118, 1966) method. The results suggest a very low and constant level of inorganic phosphate in dormant samples as well as an evidently decreasing P i content in embryos under the influence of ABA treatment. The inhibition of the class I RNases activity induced by abscisic acid implies that one of the roles of ABA in seed dormancy may consist in arresting the catabolic release of P i , which results in retarding the embryo's growth.

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Effect of grain colour gene (R) on grain dormancy and sensitivity of the embryo to abscisic acid (ABA) in wheat

Cited by 136 publications

References 15 publications

Cloning and Characterization of a Critical Regulator for Preharvest Sprouting in Wheat

Cloning and Characterization of a Critical Regulator for Preharvest Sprouting in Wheat

Maximizing the identification of QTL for pre-harvest sprouting resistance using seed dormancy measures in a white-grained hexaploid wheat population

ABA may affect the dormancy in triticale caryopses by inhibition of embryo class I RNases, enzymes involved in Pi release

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