Effect of glatiramer acetate on short‐term memory impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide in male mice

Abstract

Glatiramer acetate (GA) demonstrates neuroprotective, neurogenesis, and anti‐inflammatory properties. This study examines the probable protective effect of acute GA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced memory impairment in male mice and further explores which routes of administration [subcutaneous (s.c.) or intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.)] exert optimum effect. Memory performance was evaluated in two‐trial recognition Y‐maze and passive‐avoidance tasks evaluating special recognition memory and fear memory, respectively. Memory impairment was induced by LPS [100 μg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)], 4 h before training. In Y‐maze, GA (10, 2.5, 0.625, 0.153, and 0.03 mg/kg, s.c.; 250 μg/mouse; i.c.v.) was administered 10 min following LPS, and special memory was assayed in Y‐maze apparatus. In passive avoidance, LPS (100, 250 μg/kg; i.p.) was injected 4 h before receiving foot shock, and GA (10, 2.5; s.c.) or (250 μg/mouse; i.c.v.) was administered 4 h before the shock. Following 24 h, the fear memory was evaluated. Memory impaired significantly following LPS (100, 250 μg/kg; i.p.) in Y‐maze and passive‐avoidance tasks, P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively. The data revealed that GA (250 μg/mouse, i.c.v.) and GA (10, 2.5 mg/kg; s.c.) in Y‐maze reversed memory impairment (LPS 100 μg/kg, i.p.) (P < 0.01). In passive‐avoidance task, GA (2.5, 10 mg/kg; s.c.) reversed LPS‐induced impairment and the mice showed significantly longer latency times during the retention trial (P < 0.01). GA improved memory impairment both centrally and systemically. It improved spatial recognition memory increasing the average time in the novel arm and improved fear memory increasing latency time. GA administration improved memory impairment profoundly through both systemic and central routs.

Effects of Huazhuo Jiedu Shugan Decoction on Cognitive and Emotional Disorders in a Rat Model of Epilepsy: Possible Involvement of AC-cAMP-CREB Signaling and NPY Expression

“…e MWM test is a type of dimensional learning and memorization method directly related to hippocampal function [33,34], and is a classical cognitive experiment method. e RAM and YM tests reflected the spatial memory and evasive memory of the rats through the analysis of feeding strategies and evasive stimulation [26,27]. e EPM and OFM tests are commonly used Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine methods to observe the behavioral pharmacological effects of animals, such as fear, anxiety, and alertness [35].…”

“…e Y-maze (YM) was mainly used to assess discrimination learning, working memory, and the reference memory test of rats according to the method of Mohammadi et al [27]. Briefly, the YM is based on the natural tendency for rats to explore unfamiliar environments.…”

Targets and Mechanisms in Prevention of Parkinson's Disease through Immunomodulatory Treatments

“…Several studies have supported the effect of GA on motor neurons and memory. Moore et al [94] showed that treatment with GA significantly improved motor performance in EAE mice, and a recent study in mice indicated that GA improved memory impairment induced by LPS [95]. Furthermore, GA has been proven to be neuroprotective against glutamate toxicity [96] and has an influence on the stability of nerve terminals [97].…”

1400 W ameliorates acute hypobaric hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cognitive deficits by suppressing the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat cerebral cortex microglia

“…Each arm had different cues for distinction from each other. Y-maze testing consisted of two trials separated by an interval of 1h [37,38] . In the first trial (training), the animal was placed at the end of one arm and allowed access to that arm and another arm for 10 min.…”