Effect of Gender, Cadence, and Water Immersion on Ground Reaction Forces During Stationary Running

Fontana, Heiliane de Brito; Haupenthal, Alessandro; Ruschel, Caroline; Hubert, Marcel; Ridehalgh, Colette; Roesler, Hélio

doi:10.2519/jospt.2012.3572

Cited by 26 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…These results agree with those found in a recent study [ 4 ] which also analysed the V-GRF peak during water aerobic exercises at the cadences corresponding to VT 1 , VT 2 and MAX intensities. In addition, these fi ndings corroborate with the study by Brito-Fontana et al [ 12 ] , which analysed the V-GRF peak during the SR in water at fi xed cadences (90, 110 and 130 b. min − 1 ), which were similar to the submaximal cadences obtained for this exercise in the present study (i. e., VT 1 : 102.5 b. min − 1 ; VT 2 : 135.0 b.min − 1 ). These authors also showed signifi - cant increase in the V-GRF peak from the cadence corresponding to 90 b.min − 1 compared to the higher intensities, with no diff erences between 110 and 130 b.min − 1 .…”

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confidence: 92%

Oxygen Uptake, Muscle Activity and Ground Reaction Force during Water Aerobic Exercises

et al. 2014

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This study aimed to compare the oxygen uptake (VO2), the muscle activity of lower limbs, and the vertical ground reaction force (V-GRF) of women performing water aerobic exercises at different intensities. 12 young women performed the experimental protocol, which consisted of 3 water exercises (stationary running [SR], frontal kick [FK] and cross country skiing [CCS]) at 3 intensities (first and second ventilatory thresholds and maximum effort). A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used. Regarding VO2, different responses between intensities (p<0.001) were found, and values between exercises were similar. For electromyographic activity (EMG), differences between intensities for all muscles (p<0.001) were found. Greater EMG signals were observed in the FK compared to SR for rectus femoris, semitendinosus, vastus lateralis and biceps femoris muscles (p<0.05). Regarding V-GRF, there was an increase in the V-GRF at greater intensities compared to the first ventilatory threshold (p=0.001). In addition, lower values were found during CCS compared to the SR and FK exercises (p<0.001). Thus, greater cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular responses were observed with increasing intensity. Exercises such as CCS could be used to attenuate the V-GRF; if the purpose is to reduce the muscular activity of lower limbs at a specific intensity, SR could be recommended.

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confidence: 92%

Oxygen Uptake, Muscle Activity and Ground Reaction Force during Water Aerobic Exercises

et al. 2014

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“…In comparison to walking on land, peak vertical ground reaction forces were reduced in water by 63 to 70% [16–18]. During stationary running a 45% reduction of vertical ground reaction force was measured [19]. Calculations using inverse dynamics indicate joint force reductions of 65% (knee joint) and 62% (hip joint) when walking in chest-high water [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does aquatic exercise reduce hip and knee joint loading? In vivo load measurements with instrumented implants

et al. 2017

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Aquatic exercises are widely used for rehabilitation or preventive therapies in order to enable mobilization and muscle strengthening while minimizing joint loading of the lower limb. The load reducing effect of water due to buoyancy is a main advantage compared to exercises on land. However, also drag forces have to be considered that act opposite to the relative motion of the body segments and require higher muscle activity. Due to these opposing effects on joint loading, the load-reducing effect during aquatic exercises remains unknown. The aim of this study was to quantify the joint loads during various aquatic exercises and to determine the load reducing effect of water. Instrumented knee and hip implants with telemetric data transfer were used to measure the resultant joint contact forces in 12 elderly subjects (6x hip, 6x knee) in vivo. Different dynamic, weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing activities were performed by the subjects on land and in chest-high water. Non-weight-bearing hip and knee flexion/extension was performed at different velocities and with additional Aquafins. Joint forces during aquatic exercises ranged between 32 and 396% body weight (BW). Highest forces occurred during dynamic activities, followed by weight-bearing and slow non-weight-bearing activities. Compared to the same activities on land, joint forces were reduced by 36–55% in water with absolute reductions being greater than 100%BW during weight-bearing and dynamic activities. During non-weight-bearing activities, high movement velocities and additional Aquafins increased the joint forces by up to 59% and resulted in joint forces of up to 301%BW. This study confirms the load reducing effect of water during weight-bearing and dynamic exercises. Nevertheless, high drag forces result in increased joint contact forces and indicate greater muscle activity. By the choice of activity, movement velocity and additional resistive devices joint forces can be modulated individually in the course of rehabilitation or preventive therapies.

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“…In addition, performing jumps with single leg and with drag force equipment enhances peak concentric forces and reduces impact forces (30,57). During shallow water aerobic exercises, ground reaction forces (vertical peak and loading rate) are lower in water than on land (3,27) and the higher the level of immersion, the lower the magnitude of vertical peak forces (27,33). In water, forces applied to the body show a reduction of 40% at the anterior superior iliac spine and a reduction of 50% at the xiphoid process, in comparison with the land environment (27).…”

Section: Impact Forcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During shallow water aerobic exercises, ground reaction forces (vertical peak and loading rate) are lower in water than on land (3,27) and the higher the level of immersion, the lower the magnitude of vertical peak forces (27,33). In water, forces applied to the body show a reduction of 40% at the anterior superior iliac spine and a reduction of 50% at the xiphoid process, in comparison with the land environment (27). However, running on a treadmill or shallow water running at waist depth produces similar spinal shrinkage changes after 30 minutes (31).…”

Section: Impact Forcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aquatic Resistance Training

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et al. 2014

Strength &Amp; Conditioning Journal

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Effect of Gender, Cadence, and Water Immersion on Ground Reaction Forces During Stationary Running

Cited by 26 publications

References 42 publications

Oxygen Uptake, Muscle Activity and Ground Reaction Force during Water Aerobic Exercises

Oxygen Uptake, Muscle Activity and Ground Reaction Force during Water Aerobic Exercises

Does aquatic exercise reduce hip and knee joint loading? In vivo load measurements with instrumented implants

Aquatic Resistance Training

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