Effect of Furfurylation on Hierarchical Porous Structure of Poplar Wood

Shen, Xiaoshuang; Jiang, Pan; Guo, Dengkang; Li, Gaiyun; Chu, Fuxiang; Yang, Sheng

doi:10.3390/polym13010032

Cited by 18 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…The reason for this was speculated to be that latewood has a higher cell wall/cavity ratio than earlywood, which constrained its ability to accommodate exotic modifiers. Moreover, the cell wall pits and the perforation between tracheids are more inclined to be aspirated than earlywood, resulting in a significantly lower WPG in latewood [16]. Combined with the ImageJ results, the cell wall of earlywood swelled from 2.68 to 5.41 µm after modification, resulting in the 119.42% higher WPG than that of latewood under the same treatment conditions.…”

Section: Scanning Electron Microscopy (Sem)mentioning

confidence: 84%

Mechanistic Study of the Synergistic Interaction of Furfuryl Alcohol and Caprolactam in the Modification of Pinus massoniana Earlywood and Latewood

Wang

Shi

et al. 2023

Forests

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Furfurylated wood has many advantages, such as decay resistance, dimensional stability, hardness, etc. However, furfurylation increases the brittleness and decreases the flexural resistance of wood, which greatly limits its application. Therefore, caprolactam (CPL) is incorporated with furfuryl alcohol (FA) to improve the performance of furfurylated wood. In this study, an FA and CPL combinational modifier was used to treat masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) earlywood and latewood. The synergistic interaction of both components with the wood cell walls was systematically evaluated via microstructural, chemical, and thermal analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The SEM images showed that polymerized modifiers were distributed in tracheids, ray cells, and pits, with a higher degree of distribution in latewood tissues. The FA-CPL co-treatment led to the highest degree of distribution in cell cavities as well as of cell wall swelling. The results of the weight percentage gain (WPG) of modified wood agreed with the SEM findings that the FA-CPL co-treatment could more effectively increase the WPG than individual modification. The results of FTIR and XPS revealed that FA and CPL might chemically bind with each other as well as react with lignin and hemicellulose in the cell walls during the curing process. In addition, the interactions between modifiers and cell walls were slightly different for earlywood and latewood. DSC analysis indicated that the wood hygroscopicity decreased and the thermal stability improved after modification.

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Section: Scanning Electron Microscopy (Sem)mentioning

confidence: 84%

Mechanistic Study of the Synergistic Interaction of Furfuryl Alcohol and Caprolactam in the Modification of Pinus massoniana Earlywood and Latewood

Wang

Shi

et al. 2023

Forests

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“…Nevertheless, the membrane formed by these micropores has been reduced into a deep groove, which is essential for excellent water treatment performance. Natural wood has a hierarchical structure with diverse distribution and connectivity of pores in different directions (Yin et al 2015;Shen et al 2021;Ru et al 2023), which provides more contact for water filtration. The water treatment performance of the twodirectional-flow wood filter with different thickness was compared.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wood membrane filter for water purification with radial and axial flows

Su,

Xie,

Chen

et al. 2023

BioRes

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Water availability is an important issue all over the world, and membrane filtration technology is one of the most effective measures for remediation. As a sustainable and renewable biomass material, natural wood has a hierarchical and three-dimensional interconnected microstructure, which provides an alternative for water filter design. Longitudinal filtration could take advantage of the micropores, while the treatment speed is severely limited. This study examined a wood filter in which muddy wastewater can be transported into the microchannels and out of the vertically stacked micropores. The filter takes full advantage of the pores present in the wood without sacrificing the speed of hydraulic flow within the main transport channels, exhibiting excellent performance for mud removal. In this manner, water flux, decolorization, and turbidity are highly dependent on the groove number, groove depth, and thickness of the filter. Due to the reorientation of the water transport pathways, the clogging of micropores could be easily alleviated, thus promoting the filter lifecycle. The design of the cross-flow wood filter can provide an available platform for various wastewater treatment cases with different impurities, displaying an application prospect in the wastewater treatment field.

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“…The formation of spatial polymer networks of used material in the lumens of wood cells or even in the micropores of cell walls may explain decreases in WA and S of treated wood. Shen et al 2021 reported that the porosity and pore volume of furfurylated woods decreased with raising WPG. On the other hand, the possibility of sporadically covalent bonds of F + U / M resin with the polymers of cell walls should not be overlooked.…”

Section: Physical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Furfural-based resin for modifying birch wood properties

Sharifat

Efhamisisi

Thévenon³

et al. 2021

BioRes

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Furfural (F) cannot be easily polymerized like furfuryl alcohol, but it is an aldehyde that can react with urea (U) to make a polymeric network. The possibility of preparing F/U polymer along with an acidic catalyzer (maleic anhydride; M) was evaluated as a means to improve some selected properties of birch (Betula pendula) wood. The F+U/M resin was introduced into the wood with a double treatment technology. The first step involved dilution of F in water and methanol, and the second step was immersion in a U/M aqueous solution. The color of treated wood was darkened after resin curing from brown to a spectrum of black depending on the amount of loaded resin. The 60 to 80% of materials were converted to a non-leachable polymer based on the different formulations. The water absorption and volumetric swelling of the treated samples decreased with an increase in weight percent gain (WPG). The analysis of mechanical strength showed that treatment with F + U/M reduced to some extent the hardness and the impact bending of wood, while modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and compression parallel to the grain with WPG were increased. The exposure of the samples to the accelerated weathering showed noticeable changes in color and roughness.

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Effect of Furfurylation on Hierarchical Porous Structure of Poplar Wood

Cited by 18 publications

References 45 publications

Mechanistic Study of the Synergistic Interaction of Furfuryl Alcohol and Caprolactam in the Modification of Pinus massoniana Earlywood and Latewood

Mechanistic Study of the Synergistic Interaction of Furfuryl Alcohol and Caprolactam in the Modification of Pinus massoniana Earlywood and Latewood

Wood membrane filter for water purification with radial and axial flows

Furfural-based resin for modifying birch wood properties

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