Effect of Fuel Injection Timing on the Mixture Preparation in a Small Gasoline Direct-Injection Engine

Jose, Jubin V.; Parsi, Anil; Shridhara, Shrinidhi; Mittal, Mayank; Ramesh, A.

doi:10.4271/2018-32-0014

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Higher PN emissions for GID engines have been observed in numerous previous laboratory test results [10,12,[25][26][27]. Typically, GDI engines employ direct fuel injection into the combustion chamber to reduce the time available for mixture preparation and generate more partially rich fuel zones, thereby enhancing PN production [28].…”

Section: Effect Of Technology Upgrades On Pn Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Emission Characteristics of Particle Number from Conventional Gasoline and Hybrid Vehicles

Zhang,

Yang,

2023

Sustainability

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Vehicular particle number (PN) emissions have garnered increasing attention. In this study, nine light-duty vehicles, involving conventional internal combustion engine gasoline vehicles (ICEVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), underwent testing on a chassis dynamometer to elucidate key factors influencing PN emissions. We found that with more stringent emission standards Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) vehicles exhibited a reduction in PN emission factors. Higher PN emissions for GDI vehicles than vehicles with Multi-Port Fuel Injection (PFI) engines were observed; meanwhile, HEV showed lower PN emissions than ICEVs. PN emissions for cold start consistently exceeded warm start across vehicles with different standards and technologies. Notably, China VI HEV exhibited a substantial 19.2-fold increase in PN emissions for cold start compared to warm start. Analysis on a second-by-second basis revealed that cold-start emissions concentrated in low speed, while warm-start emissions were prominent in extra-high speed. Concerning vehicle specific power (VSP), the lowest mean PN emission rate occurred during idle conditions. PN emissions for China IV-VI ICEVs with GDI engines would increase with the increasing VSP, whereas China VI ICEVs with PFI engines and HEV with GDI engines showed varied patterns of PN emissions, especially under cold start. Our study would further facilitate formulating effective strategies for vehicular PN emissions.

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Section: Effect Of Technology Upgrades On Pn Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Emission Characteristics of Particle Number from Conventional Gasoline and Hybrid Vehicles

Zhang,

Yang,

2023

Sustainability

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“…30 The CFD model developed was first validated for the motoring case and then for the homogeneous modes of operations at 3000 rpm. 31 It was further validated for the GDI mode of operation with the spray-guided configuration (SG) at the stoichiometric mode of operation at 3000 rpm (Figure 5). The model was further used for the estimation of in-cylinder fuel distribution and fuel impingement on combustion chamber walls.…”

Section: Development Of the Computational Fluid Dynamics Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and computational studies on the effects of reduced fuel injection pressure and spark plug protrusion on the performance and emissions of a small-bore gasoline direct-injection engine

Jose

Mittal

Ramesh

2022

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D:

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Application of direct injection (DI) technology in small-bore engines, the type used in two- and three-wheelers, could improve their performance significantly. It is recognised that the use of high fuel injection pressure is beneficial in large-bore engines for a good mixture preparation. However, simple systems incorporated with low-pressure DI are desirable in small-engine segment of automobiles. Further, high fuel pressures will result in excessive wall wetting when cylinder dimensions are small. Extensive studies were carried out to investigate the minimum fuel injection pressure required for homogeneous and lean modes of operation in such small bore DI engine. The effect of spark plug protrusion in the combustion chamber was also investigated under the spray-guided configuration. Comprehensive experiments and CFD simulations were performed for estimating the engine efficiency, emissions, mixture preparation characteristics, fuel spray and fuel impingement on combustion chamber walls. Results have demonstrated that engine performance and emissions did not deteriorate when fuel injection pressure was reduced from 150 to 50 bar at full load. However, at very low pressures, like 20–30 bar, THC, CO and smoke emissions increased. Fuel injection pressure did not influence the lean limit, that is, equivalence ratio of about 0.77, but influenced the thermal efficiency at lean conditions. In order to attain high efficiency, under lean conditions, a minimum fuel pressure of 80 bar was required. The spark plug protrusion that resulted in a gap of 0.75 mm with respect to the incoming fuel spray cone has given the best engine performance, while higher protrusions affected the tumble flow and led to the stratification of charge near the spark plug, which resulted in elevated CO and smoke emissions. Hence, this work highlights that relatively lower direct injection pressures are suitable in small bore engines, which will impact the development of cost effective components for such applications.

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“…In recent times, automobiles (four-wheelers) equipped with direct-injection spark-ignition (DISI) engines have shown substantial potential in enhancing combustion efficiency and reducing emissions [1,2]. Conversely, given that fuel is directly injected into the cylinder in DISI engines, fuel can come into contact with the piston and cylinder surfaces, leading to potential impingement [3][4][5]. Moreover, a significant issue in DISI engines is the formation of an inhomogeneous mixture due to insufficient time for mixture preparation [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Analysis of Mechanical and Thermal Stresses, Temperature and Displacement within the Transparent Cylinder and Piston Top of a Small Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Optical Engine

Velugula,

Thiruvallur loganathan,

Varadhaiyengar

et al. 2023

Energies

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Two- and three-wheeled vehicles account for a significant portion of the automobile market in several countries worldwide. In order to advance the capabilities of these vehicles, the integration of direct-injection (DI) technology is essential, given its potential benefits such as high thermal efficiency and low engine-out emissions. Direct injection in small-bore engines, however, further complicates the challenges involved (of DI technology) like fuel impingement and mixture inhomogeneity inside the engine cylinder, driving the need for an in-depth exploration of in-cylinder processes. Consequently, the necessity arises to develop a small-bore direct-injection spark-ignition (DISI) optical engine that incorporates a transparent cylinder and piston top. In this scenario, these transparent components are required to endure a combination of intricate loads and boundary conditions, hence the potential to result in failures. This work aims to assess numerically the effects of these loads and boundary conditions on the transparent components and optimize their thicknesses. For this purpose, a computer-aided design model of a small-bore DISI optical engine (displacement volume of 200 cm3) is developed. The mechanical and thermal loads are extracted from the experimental data and validated computational fluid dynamics model of the same engine configuration. A coupled temperature-displacement finite element analysis methodology is developed in ABAQUS/CAE, and simulations are performed under both steady and transient conditions. Temperature and combined stress distributions within the transparent cylinder and piston top are obtained and analyzed to find their optimum thicknesses. Knowing thermal gradients, combined stresses and displacements under actual conditions helped design the small optical engine with an improved factor of safety.

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Effect of Fuel Injection Timing on the Mixture Preparation in a Small Gasoline Direct-Injection Engine

Cited by 14 publications

References 24 publications

Emission Characteristics of Particle Number from Conventional Gasoline and Hybrid Vehicles

Emission Characteristics of Particle Number from Conventional Gasoline and Hybrid Vehicles

Experimental and computational studies on the effects of reduced fuel injection pressure and spark plug protrusion on the performance and emissions of a small-bore gasoline direct-injection engine

An Analysis of Mechanical and Thermal Stresses, Temperature and Displacement within the Transparent Cylinder and Piston Top of a Small Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Optical Engine

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