Effect of Fuel Compositions on PAH in Particulate Matter from DI Diesel Engine

Tanaka, Shigeyuki; Takizawa, Haruo; Shimizu, Toshio; Sanse, Kazuyoshi

doi:10.4271/982648

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The PM emission rates under low-load and high-load conditions were 0.033 and 0.102 g/kW-hr, respectively, which is comparable to previous studies (Sharp et al 2000a, 2000b; Hori and Narusawa 2001; Lea-Langton et al 2008; Tanaka et al 1998; Ratcliff et al 2010; Gerald Liu et al 2010; Gambino et al 2001) (Table 4). During idling, the PM emission rate was 0.11 mg/s.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Composition and Integrity of PAHs, Nitro-PAHs, Hopanes, and Steranes in Diesel Exhaust Particulate Matter

Huang

Bohac

Chernyak

et al. 2013

Water Air Soil Pollut

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Diesel exhaust particulate matter contains many semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) of environmental and health significance. This study investigates the composition, emission rates, and integrity of 25 SVOCs, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), and diesel biomarkers hopanes and steranes. Diesel engine particulate matter (PM), generated using an engine test bench, three engine conditions, and ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD), was collected on borosilicate glass fiber filters. Under high engine load, the PM emission rate was 0.102 g/kWh, and emission rate of ΣPAHs (10 compounds), ΣNPAHs (6 compounds), Σhopanes (2 compounds), and Σsteranes (2 compounds) were 2.52, 0.351, 0.02 ~ 2 and 1μg/kWh, respectively. Storage losses were evaluated for three cases: conditioning filters in clean air at 25 °C and 33% relative humidity (RH) for 24 h; storing filter samples (without extraction) wrapped in aluminum foil at 4 °C for up to one month; and storing filter extracts in glass vials capped with Teflon crimp seals at 4 °C for up to six months. After conditioning filters for 24 h, 30% of the more volatile PAHs were lost, but lower volatility NPAHs, hopanes and steranes showed negligible changes. Storing wrapped filters and extracts at 4 °C for up to one month did not lead to significant losses, but storing extracts for five months led to significant losses of PAHs and NPAHs; hopanes and steranes demonstrated greater integrity. These results suggest that even relatively brief filter conditioning periods, needed for gravimetric measurements of PM mass, and extended storage of filter extracts can lead to underestimates of SVOC concentrations. Thus, SVOC sampling and analysis protocols should utilize stringent criteria and performance checks to identify and limit possible biases occurring during filter and extract processing.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Composition and Integrity of PAHs, Nitro-PAHs, Hopanes, and Steranes in Diesel Exhaust Particulate Matter

Huang

Bohac

Chernyak

et al. 2013

Water Air Soil Pollut

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“…Using ULSD, PM emissions under low- and high-load conditions were 0.033 ± 0.001 and 0.10 ± 0.002 g/kWh, respectively, comparable to measurements reported in other studies, most of which ranged from 0.03 to 0.3 g/kWh (Tanaka et al, 1998; Sharp et al, 2000a; Gambino et al, 2001; Hori and Narusawa, 2001; Lea-Langton et al, 2008; Liu et al, 2010; Ratcliff et al, 2010). For ΣPAHs, emissions at low load were slightly below earlier reports (Sharp et al, 2000b; Liu et al, 2010; Khalek et al, 2011), but emissions at high load (3.3 μg/kWh) were similar to a previous study (2.21 μg/kWh) (Sharp et al, 2000b).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Effects of fuels, engine load and exhaust after-treatment on diesel engine SVOC emissions and development of SVOC profiles for receptor modeling

Huang

Bohac

Chernyak

et al. 2015

Atmospheric Environment

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Diesel exhaust emissions contain numerous semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) for which emission information is limited, especially for idling conditions, new fuels and the new after-treatment systems. This study investigates exhaust emissions of particulate matter (PM), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), and sterane and hopane petroleum biomarkers from a heavy-duty (6.4 L) diesel engine at various loads (idle, 600 and 900 kPa BMEP), with three types of fuel (ultra-low sulfur diesel or ULSD, Swedish low aromatic diesel, and neat soybean biodiesel), and with and without a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and diesel particulate filter (DPF). Swedish diesel and biodiesel reduced emissions of PM2.5, Σ15PAHs, Σ11NPAHs, Σ5Hopanes and Σ6Steranes, and biodiesel resulted in the larger reductions. However, idling emissions increased for benzo[k]fluoranthene (Swedish diesel), 5-nitroacenaphthene (biodiesel) and PM2.5 (biodiesel), a significant result given the attention to exposures from idling vehicles and the toxicity of high-molecular-weight PAHs and NPAHs. The DOC + DPF combination reduced PM2.5 and SVOC emissions during DPF loading (>99% reduction) and DPF regeneration (83–99%). The toxicity of diesel exhaust, in terms of the estimated carcinogenic risk, was greatly reduced using Swedish diesel, biodiesel fuels and the DOC + DPF. PAH profiles showed high abundances of three and four ring compounds as well as naphthalene; NPAH profiles were dominated by nitro-naphthalenes, 1-nitropyrene and 9-nitroanthracene. Both the emission rate and the composition of diesel exhaust depended strongly on fuel type, engine load and after-treatment system. The emissions data and chemical profiles presented are relevant to the development of emission inventories and exposure and risk assessments.

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“…The maximum content of aromatic compounds for fuels to be used for vehicles equipped with positive ignition fuels was set as 42% but has been reduced to 35%. A reduction in the sulfur content has been reported to decrease PAH emissions (Tanaka et al, 1988) by enabling the catalytic converter to function more efficiently.…”

Section: Regulation and Control Of Pahs Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors and regulation

Ravindra

Sokhi

Grieken

2008

Atmospheric Environment

2,171

1,115

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Original article can be found at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/13522310 Copyright Elsevier Ltd. DOI : 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.010There is an increasing concern about the occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment as they are ubiquitous in ambient air and some of them are among the strongest known carcinogens. PAHs and their derivatives are produced by the incomplete combustion of organic material arising, partly, from natural combustion such as forest and volcanic eruption, but with the majority due to anthropogenic emissions. The PAH concentration varies significantly in various rural and urban environments and is mainly influenced by vehicular and domestic emissions. The review serves as a database to identify and characterize the emission sources of PAHs and hence various approaches including diagnostic ratio (DR) and principal component analysis (PCA) are discussed in detail. These approaches allow individual PAHs to be associated with their origin sources. The factors that effect PAH emission and estimated emission rate are also discussed in this paper. Although the levels of low molecular weight PAHs are high in vapor phase, most of the probable human carcinogenic PAHs are found to be associated with particulate matter, especially in fine mode particles in ambient air. Many countries have proposed a non-mandatory concentration limit for PAHs, whereas the health risk studies conducted in relation to PAH exposure, urge that these pollutants should be given a high priority when considering air quality management and reduction of impacts. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

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Effect of Fuel Compositions on PAH in Particulate Matter from DI Diesel Engine

Cited by 15 publications

References 11 publications

Composition and Integrity of PAHs, Nitro-PAHs, Hopanes, and Steranes in Diesel Exhaust Particulate Matter

Composition and Integrity of PAHs, Nitro-PAHs, Hopanes, and Steranes in Diesel Exhaust Particulate Matter

Effects of fuels, engine load and exhaust after-treatment on diesel engine SVOC emissions and development of SVOC profiles for receptor modeling

Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors and regulation

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