Effect of frontal ablation upon conditioned responses.

Depth‐dependent detection of microampere currents delivered to monkey V1

“…In the early to middle part of the last century, investigators established that animals could detect electrical currents delivered anywhere in the brain (Loucks, 1935–1936; Konorski & Lubińska, 1939; Doty & Rutledge, 1959; Nielson et al. , 1962; Rutledge & Doty, 1962; Doty, 1965, 1969; Nielson & Davis, 1966; Miller & Glickstein, 1967). To get an animal to respond to electrical stimulation, a reward or an absence of punishment had to follow a motor response (e.g.…”

Learning and the prefrontal cortex of the cat: Anatomico-behavioral interrelations

“…In those cases where no a priori conformity had been achieved, the extent of lesions was rerated. Basically, each subarea Divac (1968Divac ( ,1969 X X a a a a a x a Lawicka and Konorski (1961) a/x X a/x a a a a X a +-+-- Nielson and Davis (1966) a/x X X X a a a a/x x +---- Numan and Lubar (1974) a/x a/x a a a a a a/x a +++--Stepien (1974) a a X a a a a a X -+--- Stepien et al (1966) a a X a a a a a Warren et al, (1969)h a/x x a a a/x a a/x a/x X 1,2,3 +++++ Warren and Warren (1966)11a/x X a/x a a/x a a/x a/x a/x Warren et al (1961) X X a/x a a/x a a a/x a/x Warren et al (1962) X X a/x a a/x a a a/x a/x 2 ---+- Warren et al (1972) a/x x a/x a a/x a a/x a/x a/x 2 ++-++ Wikmark and Warren (1972) a/x a/x a/x a/x a/x a a/x a/x a/x 2 +++++ Zielinski (1966Zielinski ( , 1970 a/x x a a a a a x a ++-+- Zielinski (1972a) a/x x a a a/x a a x a ++-+- Zielinski (1972b) a/x x a a a/x a a x a Czarkowska (1973, 1974) a IlLesionsare identical with those of Wa"en et al. (1972).…”

“…Retention of learned avoidance and /or escape react ions is transiently impaired after prefrontal lesions (Nielson & Davis, 1966;Zielinski, 1966Zielinski, , 1970, but the latency of the responses is lengt hened postoperatively over long periods (Zielinski, 1966(Zielinski, , 1970(Zielinski, , 1972a(Zielinski, , b, 1974. The learning defic iency of cats whose prefrontal area has been destr iyed is also transient when learning is conducted in a one-way shuttlebox (Cornwell, 1966), but avoidance in a two-way apparatus (both compartments are occasionally associated with shock) is retarded (Axelrod & Diamond, 1965;Warren et al, 1972) .…”

“…In one study, these included the ent ire frontal pole of both hemispheres extending far in both lateral and superior directions (Axelrod & Diamond, 1965). Other experiments combined lesions of most of the proreal and orbital gyri (Zielinski, 1966(Zielinski, , 1970(Zielinski, , 1972a(Zielinski, , b, 1974 or merely of a part of the gyrus proreus and most of the anterior and posterior sigmoid gyri (Nielson & Davis, 1966). And Cornwell (1966) distinguished between proreal (prefrontal) and orbital lesioned cats, the performance of the last-named being inferior to the proreal and a control group.…”

Effects of Anticonvulsant Drugs upon Patterns of Seizure Discharge and Brain Thresholds: Some Implications for Memory Mechanisms

“…When conditioned responses (CRs) were thoroughly learned, conditioning thresholds were established by lowering the intensity of the CS in blocks of five trials ~lntil the CRs dropped out. he intensity at which the animal gave only two out of five CRs was defined as the threshold, a threshold which is stable (Nielson, et al, 1962) and remains so for as long as 2 yr. (Nielson & Davis, 1966). Changes in the CS threshold following drug administration were taken as an indication of changes in the excitability of that brain structure.…”