Effect of freeze dried powdered probiotics on gingival status and plaque inhibition: A randomized, double-blind, parallel study

Abstract

Objective:The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of freeze dried powdered probiotics on gingival status and plaque inhibition among 12–15-year-old schoolchildren.Materials and Methods:This randomized controlled trial was conducted among 12–15-year-old schoolchildren in Jaipur. Commercially available freeze dried probiotics containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium lactis (Prowel, Alkem Laboratories), lactic acid bacillus only (Sporolac, Sangyo), and a placebo powder calcium carbonate 250 g (Calcium Sandoz, Novartis) were assigned to two intervention groups and a placebo group each comprising 11 schoolchildren. All subjects were instructed to mix the powder in 30 ml of water and swish once daily for 3 min, for 3 weeks. Periodontal clinical parameters were assessed by examining the subjects for Turesky-Gilmore-Glickman plaque index (PI) (Modification of Quigley-Hein PI) and gingival index at baseline, 7th day, 14th day, and 21st day.Results:For both the probiotic groups, a statistically significant reduction (P < 0.05) in gingival status and plaque inhibition was recorded up to 2nd week of probiotic ingestion. However, no significant difference was observed in the placebo group.Conclusion:The use of probiotic mouth rinses improves the oral health in children by significantly reducing the plaque and gingival scores. Further studies are warranted to prove or refute the long-term effects, means of administering probiotics and the dosages needed to achieve different preventive or therapeutic purposes.

Activity of five antimicrobial peptides against periodontal as well as non-periodontal pathogenic strains

“…In addition, B. longum could be used as a psychobiotic since it attenuates the physiological and psychological response to acute and long-term stress situations with a subtle improvement in visuospatial memory [ 36 ]. Furthermore Yousuf et al (2017) demonstrated that a daily used probiotic mouth rinse containing B. longum and other strains, reduced plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation in schoolchildren [ 37 ]. It is of importance that our study demonstrated that this beneficial bacterium is inhibited by the antimicrobial peptide nisin, which is produced by L. lactis .…”

Probiotic mouthwash as an adjunct to mechanical therapy in the treatment of stage II periodontitis: A randomized controlled clinical trial

“…27 L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium inhibit the growth of periodontopathogens like P. gingivalis 28 and significantly reduced gingival inflammation and plaque accumulation in school children. 29 A combination of lactobacillus strains (L. reuteri, salivarius and acidophilus) demonstrated significant reduction in pocket, bleeding on probing and attachment gain in severe periodontitis patients. 30 Lactobacillus rhamnosus, is found to inhibit gram-negative periodontal pathogens in in vitro studies.…”

Probiotics in Oral Health and Disease: A Systematic Review

“…lactis DN-173010 had a positive effect on gingival inflammatory parameters after a 5-day non-brushing period. In a study by Yousuf et al [9], plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) scores were reduced in adolescents after two weeks administration of a probiotic combination containing Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium lactis and acid lactic bacillus. Dhawan and Dhawan [11] showed a significant reduction of PI up to 4 weeks with the probiotic combination Lactobacillus sporogenes, Streptococcus faecalis PC, Clostridium butyrium TO-A, and Bacillus mesentericus TO-A in patients with gingivitis.…”

“…Overall, these studies suggest that long term use of some probiotics may aid in oral hygiene, promote gingival health, and help to treat gingivitis. This effect is more significant when there is no mechanical removal of the plaque [4,7,9,11,38,40] than when the plaque is removed [35]. Additional long-term studies are needed in larger population across all age ranges and ethnic groups to obtain more consistent clinical results, and to determine if probiotics need to colonize the oral cavity to cause a beneficial effect.…”

“…In order to be effective in the oral cavity, probiotics must support oral environmental conditions, adhere to and colonize oral surfaces, inhibit oral pathogens [7,8], and/or delay colonization by pathogenic strains [5]. Furthermore, they must not ferment the sugars in order to avoid the pH decrease and demineralization of the enamel, they should hamper the organization of the extracellular matrix responsible for biofilm formation, limit the production of cytotoxic products by pathogenic bacteria, and beneficially alter the biochemical parameters that influence the dental plaque (e.g., salivary components, buffer capacity) (Figure 1) [9]. In addition, oral probiotics must be safe for the host [10,11].…”