Effect of free fatty acids on aflatoxin production in a synthetic medium

Priyadarshini, Eepsita; Tulpule, P. G.

doi:10.1016/0015-6264(80)90191-1

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Therefore, increased production of fungus-specific metabolites such as palmitic acid could favour aflatoxin-producing organisms, but not fumonisin-producing organisms. Palmitic acid supports aflatoxin production [ 92 , 93 , 94 ] and is not inhibitory to A. flavus and A. parasiticus [ 88 ]. However, delayed harvest in peanuts is associated with higher levels of palmitic acid and increased aflatoxin levels [ 87 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, delayed harvest in peanuts is associated with higher levels of palmitic acid and increased aflatoxin levels [ 87 ]. Stearic acid is a fatty acid present in the maize kernel [ 95 , 96 ], and it is reported to stimulate the growth of A. flavus and A. parasiticus, aflatoxin production [ 93 , 97 , 98 ], and to be attractive to insect pests and pathogens of maize [ 99 ]. Information about the roles of gondoic and xylylic acids with respect to aflatoxigenic fungi is sparse.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolites Identified during Varied Doses of Aspergillus Species in Zea mays Grains, and Their Correlation with Aflatoxin Levels

Falade

Chrysanthopoulos

Hodson

et al. 2018

Toxins

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Aflatoxin contamination is associated with the development of aflatoxigenic fungi such as Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus on food grains. This study was aimed at investigating metabolites produced during fungal development on maize and their correlation with aflatoxin levels. Maize cobs were harvested at R3 (milk), R4 (dough), and R5 (dent) stages of maturity. Individual kernels were inoculated in petri dishes with four doses of fungal spores. Fungal colonisation, metabolite profile, and aflatoxin levels were examined. Grain colonisation decreased with kernel maturity: milk-, dough-, and dent-stage kernels by approximately 100%, 60%, and 30% respectively. Aflatoxin levels increased with dose at dough and dent stages. Polar metabolites including alanine, proline, serine, valine, inositol, iso-leucine, sucrose, fructose, trehalose, turanose, mannitol, glycerol, arabitol, inositol, myo-inositol, and some intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA—also known as citric acid or Krebs cycle) were important for dose classification. Important non-polar metabolites included arachidic, palmitic, stearic, 3,4-xylylic, and margaric acids. Aflatoxin levels correlated with levels of several polar metabolites. The strongest positive and negative correlations were with arabitol (R = 0.48) and turanose and (R = −0.53), respectively. Several metabolites were interconnected with the TCA; interconnections of the metabolites with the TCA cycle varied depending upon the grain maturity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolites Identified during Varied Doses of Aspergillus Species in Zea mays Grains, and Their Correlation with Aflatoxin Levels

Falade

Chrysanthopoulos

Hodson

et al. 2018

Toxins

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“…In addition, ROS, which accumulate in maize tissues under drought stress, have been shown to stimulate the production of aflatoxin by A. flavus in vitro and are hypothesized to do so in vivo during colonization of stressed host tissues (Fountain et al, , 2016aYang et al, 2015). Maize kernel metabolites including starch, simple sugars and polyunsaturated fatty acids also serve as the targets of hydrolytic enzymes secreted by A. flavus during host colonization and are conductive substrates for aflatoxin production (Calvo et al, 1999;Davis et al, 1966;Fountain et al, 2014Fountain et al, , 2016aPriyadarshini and Tulpule, 1980). Given the importance of kernel composition for grain quality, yield and disease resistance during early phases of kernel development, we examined the metabolite accumulation patterns in developing kernels using an untargeted global metabolomics analysis to compare the metabolomic responses of two maize inbred lines with contrasting drought tolerance and aflatoxin contamination resistance to drought stress.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deciphering drought‐induced metabolic responses and regulation in developing maize kernels

Yang

Fountain

et al. 2018

Plant Biotechnology Journal

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SummaryDrought stress conditions decrease maize growth and yield, and aggravate preharvest aflatoxin contamination. While several studies have been performed on mature kernels responding to drought stress, the metabolic profiles of developing kernels are not as well characterized, particularly in germplasm with contrasting resistance to both drought and mycotoxin contamination. Here, following screening for drought tolerance, a drought‐sensitive line, B73, and a drought‐tolerant line, Lo964, were selected and stressed beginning at 14 days after pollination. Developing kernels were sampled 7 and 14 days after drought induction (DAI) from both stressed and irrigated plants. Comparative biochemical and metabolomic analyses profiled 409 differentially accumulated metabolites. Multivariate statistics and pathway analyses showed that drought stress induced an accumulation of simple sugars and polyunsaturated fatty acids and a decrease in amines, polyamines and dipeptides in B73. Conversely, sphingolipid, sterol, phenylpropanoid and dipeptide metabolites accumulated in Lo964 under drought stress. Drought stress also resulted in the greater accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and aflatoxin in kernels of B73 in comparison with Lo964 implying a correlation in their production. Overall, field drought treatments disordered a cascade of normal metabolic programming during development of maize kernels and subsequently caused oxidative stress. The glutathione and urea cycles along with the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids for osmoprotection, membrane maintenance and antioxidant protection were central among the drought stress responses observed in developing kernels. These results also provide novel targets to enhance host drought tolerance and disease resistance through the use of biotechnologies such as transgenics and genome editing.

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“…oleic acid; 18:1, and palmitic acid; 16:0) are excellent carbon sources for Aspergillus (Fanelli et al ., 1980), although they may not alter aflatoxin production (Fanelli et al ., 1981). In contrast, linoleic acid (18:2) inhibited Aspergillus growth in some (Schultz and Luedecke, 1977; Priyadarshini and Tulpule, 1980; Tiwari et al ., 1986), but not all (Fabbri et al ., 1983; Passi et al ., 1984; Burow et al ., 1997) studies. Observations of the effect of linoleic acid on aflatoxin production also varied: in different experiments, linoleic acid inhibited (Schultz and Luedecke, 1977; Priyadarshini and Tulpule, 1980), enhanced (Tiwari et al ., 1986), or did not affect (Fabbri et al ., 1983; Passi et al ., 1984) aflatoxin production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reciprocal oxylipin‐mediated cross‐talk in the Aspergillus–seed pathosystem

Brodhagen

Tsitsigiannis

Hornung³

et al. 2007

Molecular Microbiology

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SummaryIn Aspergilli, mycotoxin production and sporulation are governed, in part, by endogenous oxylipins (oxygenated, polyunsaturated fatty acids and metabolites derived therefrom). In Aspergillus nidulans, oxylipins are synthesized by the dioxygenase enzymes PpoA, PpoB and PpoC. Structurally similar oxylipins are synthesized in seeds via the action of lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes. Previous reports have shown that exogenous application of seed oxylipins to Aspergillus cultures alters sporulation and mycotoxin production. Herein, we explored whether a plant oxylipin biosynthetic gene (ZmLOX3) could substitute functionally for A. nidulans ppo genes. We engineered ZmLOX3 into wild-type A. nidulans, and into a DppoAC strain that was reduced in production of oxylipins, conidia and the mycotoxin sterigmatocystin. ZmLOX3 expression increased production of conidia and sterigmatocystin in both backgrounds. We additionally explored whether A. nidulans oxylipins affect seed LOX gene expression during Aspergillus colonization. We observed that peanut seed pnlox2-3 expression was decreased when infected by A. nidulans Dppo mutants compared with infection by wild type. This result provides genetic evidence that fungal oxylipins are involved in plant LOX gene expression changes, leading to possible alterations in the fungal/host interaction. This report provides the first genetic evidence for reciprocal oxylipin crosstalk in the Aspergillus-seed pathosystem.

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Effect of free fatty acids on aflatoxin production in a synthetic medium

Cited by 20 publications

References 8 publications

Metabolites Identified during Varied Doses of Aspergillus Species in Zea mays Grains, and Their Correlation with Aflatoxin Levels

Metabolites Identified during Varied Doses of Aspergillus Species in Zea mays Grains, and Their Correlation with Aflatoxin Levels

Deciphering drought‐induced metabolic responses and regulation in developing maize kernels

Reciprocal oxylipin‐mediated cross‐talk in the Aspergillus–seed pathosystem

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