Effect of flux addition and reductant type in smelting process of Indonesian limonite ore in electric arc furnace

Andika, Reza; Astuti, Widi; Syafriadi,; Nurjaman, Fajar

doi:10.1088/1757-899x/478/1/012007

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Therefore, the contour coefficient β i is introduced from the point of view of the contour envelope area. x y In formula (5), S i is the area of each contour, S max is the envelope area of the largest contour, and set the appropriate contour retention confidence level η. If η ≤ β i , this contour was retained; otherwise, this contour was eliminated.…”

Section: Contour Screening Of the Main Bodymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So blast furnace ironmaking also puts forward higher requirements on the metallurgical properties of coke [1][2][3]. As an indispensable raw material and fuel in the blast furnace ironmaking, coke plays the role of heating agent, reducing agent, carburizing agent, and material column framework in the blast furnace [4][5][6][7]. Coke structures are one of the most important factors affecting the quality of coke.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Research on the Method of Coke Optical Tissue Segmentation Based on Adaptive Clustering

Liu

Zhang

Zhou

et al. 2021

International Journal of Photoenergy

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The microstructure is the key factor for quality discriminate of coke. In view of the characteristics of coke optical tissue (COT), a segmentation method of coke microstructures based on adaptive clustering was proposed. According to the strategy of multiresolution, adaptive threshold binarization and morphological filtering were carried out on COT images with lower resolution. The contour of the COT body was detected through the relationship checking between contours in the binary image, and hence, COT pixels were picked out to cluster for tissue segmentation. In order to get the optimum segmentation for each tissue, an advanced K -means method with adaptive clustering centers was provided according to the Calinski-Harabasz score. Meanwhile, Euclidean distance was substituted with Mahalanobis distance between each pixel in HSV space to improve the accuracy. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional K -means algorithm, FCM algorithm, and Meanshift algorithm, the adaptive clustering algorithm proposed in this paper is more accurate in the segmentation of various tissue components in COT images, and the accuracy of tissue segmentation reaches 94.3500%.

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Section: Contour Screening Of the Main Bodymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on the Method of Coke Optical Tissue Segmentation Based on Adaptive Clustering

Liu

Zhang

Zhou

et al. 2021

International Journal of Photoenergy

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“…According to literature published in 2019, 577 million tons of nickel reserves was reported to be present in Indonesia. The largest export commodity in Indonesia was nickel, with an export value of ~36.6 million dollars or 53.3% of the total export of the country [21]. In the future, continuous growth in low-grade ferro-nickel production is expected for Indonesia.…”

Section: Modern Low-grade Ferro-nickel Production and Its Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Under these conditions, nickel recovery was 82.8%. The conclusion was that 4% Ni-containing low-grade ferro-nickel could be produced from Sulawesi Island laterite by using an electric arc furnace [21].…”

Section: Modern Low-grade Ferro-nickel Production and Its Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nickel Laterite Smelting Processes and Some Examples of Recent Possible Modifications to the Conventional Route

Keskinkilic

2019

Metals

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The treatment of laterites has been a research hotspot in extractive metallurgy over the past decades. Industrially, the pyrometallurgical treatment of laterites is mostly accomplished with a well-established method, namely, the rotary kiln–electric arc furnace (RKEF) process, which includes three main operations—calcination, prereduction, and smelting—followed by further refining for the removal of impurities from the raw ferro-nickel. As indicated in many studies of the RKEF process, the major downside of this method is its high energy consumption. Efforts have been made to lower this consumption. Furthermore, several new processes have been proposed. Among these, low-grade ferro-nickel production is regarded as the most widely and industrially used process after traditional RKEF operation. Although not widespread, other alternative processes of industrial scale have been generated since the start of the millennium. Recently, certain innovative processes have been tested either in the laboratory or at pilot-scale. In this paper, a literature review related to the smelting of laterites is made, and an emphasis on new processes and some examples of new developments in the RKEF process are presented.

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“…The nickel content of laterite ores is very low, and special treatments are needed to improve the nickel content of these ores, such as physical separation techniques, but the complexity of laterite nickels makes it difficult to achieve any significant breakthroughs [20][21][22][23][24][25]. Thermal modification of laterite ore by carbonization, dehydration, and reduction technologies has been shown to significantly improve nickel extraction in the acid leaching stage [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coupled Preparation of Ferronickel and Cementitious Material from Laterite Nickel Ores

Shi

Cui

et al. 2020

Materials

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Nickel slags can be produced through ferronickel preparation by the pyrometallurgical processing of laterite nickel ores; however, such techniques are underutilized at present, and serious environmental problems arise from the stockpiling of such nickel ores. In this study, a modification to the process of ferronickel preparation by the direct reduction of carbon bases in laterite nickel ores is proposed. The gangue from the ore is used as a raw material to prepare a cementitious material, with the main components of tricalcium silicate and tricalcium aluminate. By using FactSage software, thermodynamic calculations are performed to analyze the reduction of nickel and iron and the effect of reduction on the formation of tricalcium silicate and tricalcium aluminate. The feasibility of a coupled process to prepare ferronickel and cementitious materials by the direct reduction of laterite nickel ore and gangue calcination, respectively, is discussed under varying thermodynamic conditions. Different warming strategies are applied to experimentally verify the coupled reactions. The coupled preparation of ferronickel and cementitious materials with calcium silicate and calcium aluminate as the main phases in the same experimental process is realized.

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Effect of flux addition and reductant type in smelting process of Indonesian limonite ore in electric arc furnace

Cited by 7 publications

References 2 publications

Research on the Method of Coke Optical Tissue Segmentation Based on Adaptive Clustering

Research on the Method of Coke Optical Tissue Segmentation Based on Adaptive Clustering

Nickel Laterite Smelting Processes and Some Examples of Recent Possible Modifications to the Conventional Route

Coupled Preparation of Ferronickel and Cementitious Material from Laterite Nickel Ores

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