Effect of fertilization on Pinus pinea cone to seed and kernel yields

Loewe-Muñoz, Verónica; Río, Rodrigo Del; Delard, Claudia; Balzarini, Mónica

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121249

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…occidentalis , which caused a drastic decrease in Spain (1.1–2.1% [ 31 , 45 ]) and Portugal (1.7% [ 46 ]; 3.0% [ 44 ]). In Chile, a trend towards PY decrease was also reported [ 23 , 47 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

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Recommendations for increasing yield of the edible Pinus pinea L. pine nuts

Loewe-Muñoz,

Delard,

del Río

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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In Pinus pinea, cone to pine nut yield (total pine nut weight expressed as percentage of cone weight), an important crop trait, is decreasing worldwide. This phenomenon is of great concern, since the nuts of this species are highly demanded. Cone weight, seed and pine nut morphometry, and pine nut yield were monitored in a non-native area in Chile for 10 years. For this purpose, 560 cones, and the seeds and pine nuts contained in them, were counted, measured and weighed in a multi-environment study involving seven plantations. Seed and pine nut damage was evaluated. Two contrasting categories of cone weight (heavy/light) were defined. Cone to pine nut yield (PY) and other traits were calculated and compared between categories using a mixed linear model. Regression trees were used to explain PY variability. Cone weight was higher than in the species’ native range (474 g vs 300 g on average). Pine nut number per cone and PY were significantly higher in the heavy cone category than in the light cone category (125 vs 89 units, and 4.05 vs 3.62%, respectively), The percentage of damaged seeds was lower in heavy than in light cones (9.0% vs 15.9%). Thus, PY depended on seed and pine nut morphometry as well as on seed health. Management practices, such as fertilization and irrigation, could be used to boost production of heavy cones and consequently increase PY.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…However, the average PY value is higher than values reported for Europe after the arrival of L. occidentalis, which caused a drastic decrease in Spain (1.1-2.1% [31,45]) and Portugal (1.7% [46]; 3.0% [44]). In Chile, a trend towards PY decrease was also reported [23,47].…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 75%

Recommendations for increasing yield of the edible Pinus pinea L. pine nuts

Loewe-Muñoz,

Delard,

del Río

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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“…Domestication of the stone pine, based on the grafted experimental plantations established over the past 50 years in several Mediterranean countries (Mutke et al, 2005b;Mutke et al, 2012), may increase the final yield of stone pine crops by planting highly productive genotypes (Mutke et al, 2005a). The establishment of cultivars may enable the management of the stands for seed production (Afonso et al, 2020;Farinha, Silva, et al, 2018;Loewe-Muñoz et al, 2023), the application of specific horticultural techniques (Mutke et al, 2013) and even the control of the local WCSB population through mass trapping (Blatt & Borden, 1996a;Millar et al, 2022), biological control (Ponce-Herrero et al, 2022, 2023Roversi et al, 2011) or spot application of insecticides or pollinator bags as protective barriers (Bracalini et al, 2013;Farinha et al, 2021;Strong, 2006;Strong, 2015;Strong et al, 2001). However, to make effective management decisions, it is necessary to develop an effective monitoring tool that can detect, quantify and define the population dynamics and density of the natural populations of the WCSB, since these populations are highly variable from year to year (Farinha et al, 2021;Ponce-Herrero et al, 2022;Schowalter, 1994;Strong, 2015).…”

Section: Seasonal Damages and Wcsb Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Damage caused by Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann (Hemiptera: Coreidae) on Pinus pinea L. cones varies with feeding season

Ponce‐Herrero,

Ponce Díaz,

Pando Fernández

et al. 2024

Agri and Forest Entomology

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The commercialization of pine nuts generates major economic benefits for the Mediterranean basin. This has been reduced due to an increase in cone and seed damage associated with the spread of the western conifer seed bug (WCSB) throughout the Mediterranean region and the Dry Cone Syndrome appearing on pine cones. Studies on several conifer species have associated cone and seed damage with WCSB feeding. To relate cone and seed damage of stone pine to WCSB feeding, one exposure and exclusion trial of cones to the feeding of the natural WCSB population was carried out. To determine the seasonality of cone and seed damage caused by this pest, another trial consisting of bagging cones with insects was performed with first‐, second‐ and third‐year cones at different stages of cone development. The natural WCSB population was associated with cone abortion in second‐year cones (unprotected: 43.6% vs. protected: 2.7%), a decreased number of seeds per cone (82.0 vs. 105.3), kernel yield (1.8% vs. 3.8%) and proportion of sound kernels (35.6% vs. 73.6%), and numerous types of kernel damage. Cone mortality in first‐ and third‐year cones bagged with insects decreased as the bagging date advanced. A temporal sequence of kernel damage in third‐year cones (aborted, dry embryo without endosperm, and totally or partially damaged endosperm) was reported for seed development and the timing of WCSB feeding. Our findings may be useful in the management of WCSB populations to prevent significant damage to the stone pine nut crop.

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