Effect of fermentable carbohydrates on volatile fatty acids, ammonia and mineral absorption in the rat caecum

Demigné, Christian; Rémésy, Christian; Rayssiguier, Yves

doi:10.1051/rnd:19800726

Cited by 75 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…One possibility is that this may function as a mechanism to facilitate absorption after a meal. Although most absorption occurs in the small intestine, a significant quantity of nutrients (including lactose, lactulose, and starches) are fermented into SCFA in the large intestine (in animals, 27,[49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57] as well as in humans [58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66] ). We hypothesize that SCFA concentrations would peak in vessels serving the gut after a meal, and that this increase in SCFAs results in local vasodilation (as shown previously in ref.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel SCFA receptor, the microbiota, and blood pressure regulation

2013

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T he maintenance of blood pressure homeostasis is a complex process which is carefully regulated by a variety of inputs. We recently identified two sensory receptors (Olfactory receptor 78 and G protein couple receptor 41) as novel regulators of blood pressure. Both Olfr78 and Gpr41 are receptors for short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and we showed that propionate (a SCFA) modifies blood pressure in a manner which is differentially modulated by the absence of either Olfr78 or Gpr41. In addition, propionate modifies renin release in an Olfr78-dependent manner. Our study also demonstrated that antibiotic treatment modulates blood pressure in Olfr78 null mice, indicating that SCFAs produced by the gut microbiota likely influence blood pressure regulation. In this addendum, we summarize the findings of our recent study and provide a perspective on the implications of the interactions between the gut microbiota and blood pressure control. IntroductionA recent paradigm in sensory physiology suggests that "sensory" receptors (taste receptors, olfactory receptors, and many other G-protein coupled receptors) play important roles in non-sensory tissues, where they serve as selective and sensitive chemoreceptors. For example, sour taste receptors function in the tongue to sense changes in pH as an indicator of sour taste 1,2 -in addition, these receptors are also found in neurons which contact the central canal of the spinal column, where they function to detect changes in pH in cerebrospinal fluid.1 In addition, olfactory receptors (ORs) participate in muscle cell migration 3 and sperm chemotaxis, 4 sweet taste receptors are found in the bladder, 5 and bitter taste receptors mediate both bronchodilation and ciliary beat frequency in airways.6,7 G-protein coupled receptors of the GPR gene family are also known to act as sensors of metabolites. [8][9][10][11][12] Intriguingly, ligands for these sensory receptors are often generated by physiological processes or metabolic pathways, 1,8,12,13 suggesting that known metabolites or chemicals may have signaling functions beyond their traditional roles. 8,12,13 Furthermore, sensory receptors such as ORs are expressed in a variety of tissues in mice, humans, and other primates, where their functional role has not yet been defined. 14-16 Localization of Renal Olfactory Receptor Olfr78We previously identified Olfactory Receptor 78 (Olfr78) as a "renal" olfactory receptor (OR), 17 and in a recent study 18 we set out to localize and to identify the ligand for this OR. We took advantage of a β-galactosidase reporter mouse model in order to localize Olfr78, and determined that Olfr78 is found in vascular resistance beds in a variety of tissues, as well in the renal afferent arteriole. The renal afferent arteriole is an incredibly specialized vessel: blood enters the renal glomerulus for filtration via the afferent arteriole, and this arteriole is the site where renin (the initial, rate-limiting step in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway) is stored for eventual release into the blood...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel SCFA receptor, the microbiota, and blood pressure regulation

2013

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“…In cecectomized rats, the digestibility of crude ash and ratio of ash accumulation to the amount consumed were increased after consumption of a 5% mannitol-or 5% FOS-containing diet. Stimulatory effects of indigestible sugars, such as FOS, on mineral absorption and utilization in the body have been reported (29)(30)(31)(32), although the stimulated absorption of minerals did not always result in increased retention of minerals (30). The effects of fermentable sugars on the absorption of minerals differ depending on the type of mineral and region of the intestine.…”

Section: Concentration and Accumulation Of Body Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stimulation of calcium and magnesium absorption by FOS occurs in both the small and large intestine (32). It is thought that the stimulatory effects of indigestible sugars on mineral absorption occur via a transepithelial diffusion route in the small intestine (33) and solubilization of minerals (29) and/or activation of absorptive cells (34) by SCFAs produced from fermentable sugars in the large intestine. It is therefore suggested that the stimulatory effects of mannitol on the absorption and retention of minerals in both normal and cecectomized rats in this experiment were caused by the actions of mannitol in the small intestine, independently of the production of organic acids in the cecum.…”

Section: Concentration and Accumulation Of Body Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mannitol Lowers Fat Digestibility and Body Fat Accumulation in Both Normal and Cecectomized Rats

Nishiyama

Nishioka

Islam

et al. 2009

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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Summary Mannitol is a six-carbon sugar alcohol that is widely distributed in plants. Sugar alcohols are widely used in various food products because of their numerous beneficial health effects. The present study investigated the effects of mannitol consumption on digestion, large gut fermentation and nutrient metabolism in normal and cecectomized male Wistar rats. After 28 d of feeding with three kinds of diet containing 0, 4 or 8% mannitol, mannitol consumption dose-dependently lowered the digestibilities of crude fat and crude protein, the ratio of body fat accumulation to energy absorbed and the hepatic and serum triglyceride levels in normal rats. After 24 d of feeding with three kinds of diet comprising a control diet, a 5% mannitol-containing diet and a 5% fructooligosaccharides (FOS)-containing diet, mannitol lowered the digestibility of fat and the ratio of body fat accumulation to energy consumed and absorbed in cecectomized rats. On the other hand, FOS consumption had no effect on the accumulation of body fat, but lowered the digestibility of fat. FOS consumption greatly improved the accumulation of body ash in cecectomized rats. These results suggest that mannitol has a lowering effect on body fat accumulation, and further indicate that the cecum is not essential for the appearance of effects of mannitol on digestion, absorption and metabolism. Key Words mannitol, digestion, fat accumulation, rat, cecum Excessive accumulation of body fat is considered to be a major risk factor for several chronic disease conditions such as coronary heart disease, cancer, diabetes and hypertension. Fatness is also a specific reason for the persistence of chronic fatty liver, representing one of the major causes of hepatic diseases such as acute steatohepatitis and chronic liver failure ( 1 ). Proper weight management is one of the key components of a healthy lifestyle that avoids the onset of these diseases.Mannitol is a naturally-occurring six-carbon sugar alcohol or polyol that is widely distributed in plants, including algae, onions, grasses, olives and pumpkins. It is used as an osmotic diuretic and cleared by the kidneys, in a similar manner to inulin ( 2 ). Mannitol is not easily digested in the small intestine, but is fermentable in the large intestine ( 3 , 4 ). In a previous study, up to 50% of uniformly labeled 14 C-mannitol orally administered to humans was recovered in urine and stool samples after 48 h and as much as 18% of a dose was recovered as expired CO 2 , whereas little metabolism was observed after intravenous administration ( 5 ). In another human study, the blood glucose level and respiratory quotient remained unaffected within 2 h after administration of mannitol ( 6 ). These findings suggest that part of the ingested mannitol is utilized as an energy source, possibly after being metabolized to organic acids by intestinal microflora and absorbed from the large intestine, although mannitol can be used as a sweetener by people with diabetes.Non-digestible but fermentable oligosaccharides stimulate...

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“…Along the length of the intestine, the duodenum and proximal jejunum are generally considered to be the most active segments for the absorption of nutrients, but other evidence indicates that the cecum and the colon of the large intestine are also responsible for calcium and magnesium absorption (43). Many reports have described a significant correlation between increases in mineral absorption and the fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates in the large intestine (9,10,(23)(24)(25).…”

Section: Increased Calcium Absorption With Fos Occurs In the Large Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Mechanism of the Effect of Fructooligosaccharides on Calcium Absorption

Sakuma

2002

Bioscience Microflora

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Previous reports have demonstrated through the use of animal models that dietary fructooligosaccharides (FOS) exert stimulatory effects on the absorption of the minerals; calcium, magnesium, and iron. Recently, these effects were also clinically confirmed in humans. This paper reviews studies that used the techniques of molecular biology to elucidate the mechanisms by which FOS stimulates calcium absorption for which the small intestine has long been considered a primary site. However, Ohta et al. reported that the large intestine, and the cecum in particular, has an important role. This conclusion was based on the observation that the stimulatory effect of FOS on calcium absorption was not observed in cecectomized rats. The contribution of paracellular and transcellular paths was suggested for the stimulation caused by FOS. Transcellular transport is a multistep process comprising several components and is under the regulation of vitamin D. One component is calbindin-D9k (CaBP), a calcium binding protein. The upstream region of the CaBP gene was analyzed, and a responsive sequence for vitamin D receptor was identified. Mucosal cells were then obtained from FOS-fed rats, and the expression of CaBP protein and mRNA were determined. Dietary FOS decreased the expression of CaBP in the small intestine, but resulted in increased levels in the cecum and colorectum. Since protein and mRNA both demonstrated similar patterns of expression, the effects of FOS can be seen to affect CaBP at the transcription level. Furthermore, the changes in CaBP expression were proportional to both the level of apparent calcium absorption and the amount of FOS ingested. This means that the increase of calcium absorption induced by FOS comprises paracellular and CaBP-mediated transcellular transport. In a hypothetical model, short-chain organic acids produced from FOS by fermentation were proposed as key elements to regulate both the paracellular and the transcellular transport of calcium. However, the molecular mechanisms of this regulation have not yet been clarified.

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Effect of fermentable carbohydrates on volatile fatty acids, ammonia and mineral absorption in the rat caecum

Abstract: Summary. The Introduction.

Cited by 75 publications

References 21 publications

A novel SCFA receptor, the microbiota, and blood pressure regulation

A novel SCFA receptor, the microbiota, and blood pressure regulation

Mannitol Lowers Fat Digestibility and Body Fat Accumulation in Both Normal and Cecectomized Rats

Molecular Mechanism of the Effect of Fructooligosaccharides on Calcium Absorption

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