Effect of feeding fermented and non-fermented palm kernel cake on the performance of broiler chickens: a review

Abstract

Palm kernel cake (PKC) is a by-product of oil extraction from palm fruits and has been included in poultry diets as an alternative to soybean meal and yellow corn. Due to its high content of fibre, coarse texture and gritty appearance, the use of PKC in poultry nutrition is limited. In order to increase the nutritive value of PKC, there is a tendency nowadays to create solid state fermentation (SSF) by using cellulolytic microbes. This paper reviews the impact of feeding fermented and non-fermented PKC on the performance of broiler chickens. Recent studies have reported that SSF by cellulolytic microorganisms improved the nutritive value of PKC. The nutrient digestibility has been increased significantly in PKC fermented using Paenibacillus polymyxya ATCC 842 or Weisella confusa SR-17b. The availability of valine, histidine, methionine and arginine was 70.42%, 71.50%, 71.92% and 81.15%, respectively, in PKC fermented using P. polymyxa ATCC 842. The digestibility of crude protein (CP) increased by 61.83% and 59.90% in PKC fermented using P. polymyxya ATCC 842 or W. confusa SR-17b, respectively. In addition, body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) improved significantly in broilers fed 15% fermented PKC compared to those fed 15% non-fermented PKC (2000.43 g versus 1823.23 g and 1.75 versus 1.91, respectively). The intestinal Enterobacteriaceae decreased (4.03 CFU/g) and lactic acid bacteria increased (5.56 CFU/g) in birds fed 15% PKC fermented by P. polymyxa ATCC 842. Therefore, fermented PKC can be included in a broiler diet up to 15%, replacing part of soybean and yellow corn in the diet, leading to a decrease in the overall cost of poultry feeding.

Egg and Broiler Supply in Malaysia: Issues, Challenges and Recommendations

“…The inability to produce sufficient corn and maise should also get local researchers to identify readily available raw materials. Oil palm is an example of readily available material that can be utilised and has shown to be potential for not just poultry but also other livestock such as cattle (Zahari & Alimon, 2005;Zahari et al, 2012;Halim et al, 2021;Alshelmani et al 2021;Azizi et al 2021;Boateng et al, 2008). New approach to utilising waste material by fermentation can reduce or replace dependency on raw feed materials (Vandenberghe et al, 2021;Kari et al, 2022;Zhang et al, 2022).…”

Effect of Feeding Locally Produced Soybean Meal and Fishmeal on the Performance of Broiler Chicks

“…"Commercial broiler production has become a specialized and speedy poultry operation in recent years all over the world" [1] "Total consumption of poultry meat has increased dramatically during the past five" [2][3][4][5][6]. "successful broiler rearing depends on many factors like availability of feed ingredients at a reasonable cost, proper management and quality chicks" [7].…”

“…In addition to that, attention has been focused on soybean utilization as an alternate protein source in animal diets due to the changing availability or allowed uses of animal proteins coupled with relatively low cost" [13]. "In a broiler ration, fish meal, meat, and bone meal and other protein concentrates are predominantly the principal Sources of animal protein" [4]. "Fish meal is an excellent source of protein.…”

The Effect of Partial Substitution of Fermented Potato Peeling Powder Instead of Yellow Corn on the Productive Performance of Broiler Chickens

“…Fermentation with probiotics or by using beneficial microorganisms inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria. in relationships [10,11] Moreover, the fermentation process of feed materials increases the proportions of amino acids, the most important of which are methionine, lysine, arginine, and histidine [12,13,14], This increases the absorption and digestion of protein by the bird. As fermentation led to an increase in the percentage of protein and a decrease in the percentage of crude fiber [15].…”