Effect of feeding Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i> L.) a diet enriched with stearidonic acid from parr to smolt on growth and <i>n</i>-3 long-chain PUFA biosynthesis

Codabaccus, Basseer M.; Bridle, Andrew R.; Nichols, Peter D.; Carter, Chris

doi:10.1017/s0007114510005714

Cited by 36 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(84 reference statements)

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“…In contrast, percentages of stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4, n ‐3) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5, n ‐3) were higher in the feed lipids than in the actual fish (at 3.4 and 3.7% respectively compared with less than 1.2 and 2.8% for salmon), suggesting that some of these FAs might be converted to EPA and DHA by the salmon. This is in keeping with the findings of Codabaccus et al . (2011) that suggested Atlantic salmon in salt water may be able to convert some SDA to long chain n ‐3 FAs.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) is a good source of long chain omega‐3 fatty acids

Jensen¹,

Mæhre²,

Tømmerås³

et al. 2012

Nutrition Bulletin

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Summary The limited amount of fish oils available has resulted in an increased use of vegetable oils in the feed for farmed fish, such as Atlantic salmon. The aim of this study was to evaluate how this has affected the fatty acid (FA) composition of farmed Atlantic salmon and to compare the FA composition of 20 farmed Atlantic salmon with that of 20 wild Atlantic salmon caught in the sea. Fillet fat of farmed salmon was about 12%, which is twice that found in wild salmon. The FA composition of the farmed salmon confirmed a substantial inclusion of vegetable oils in the feed, but the total amount of long chain n‐3 FA present in the fillets of farmed salmon was higher than in the wild fish. A standard portion of farmed Atlantic salmon fillet (200 g) provides approximately 2 g of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which is four times higher than the minimum daily intakes recommended by the UK's Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition and the World Health Organisation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) is a good source of long chain omega‐3 fatty acids

Jensen¹,

Mæhre²,

Tømmerås³

et al. 2012

Nutrition Bulletin

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“…SDA-rich oil from echium has been tested as fish oil replacement in the diets of Arctic charr (Tocher et al 2006), freshwater Atlantic salmon (Miller et al 2007), seawater Atlantic salmon (Miller et al 2008) and Atlantic salmon from parr to smolt (Codabaccus et al 2011). Unlike this study, no significant differences in growth were reported with inclusion of the SDA-rich echium oil compared with fish oil in these salmonid diets.…”

Section: Response) An Intermediate Weighing and Individual Fish Growmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…) and Atlantic salmon from parr to smolt (Codabaccus et al . ). Unlike this study, no significant differences in growth were reported with inclusion of the SDA‐rich echium oil compared with fish oil in these salmonid diets.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The deposition of SDA or conversion of SDA to EPA in the fillet of salmonids from SDA oil in the diet may provide improved cardiovascular health benefits to humans over ALA in the diet from conventional plant oils. SDA-rich oil from echium plants (Echium plantagineum) has been evaluated as a fish oil replacement in the diet of salmonid fish (seawater Atlantic salmon in Miller et al 2008; freshwater Atlantic salmon in Miller et al 2007; Atlantic salmon from parr to smolt in Codabaccus et al 2011; Arctic charr in Tocher et al 2006). No significant differences in growth or feed conversion in comparison with fish oil were reported with inclusion of the SDA-rich echium oil in the diets of these salmonids.…”

Section: Aquaculture Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of soy oil containing stearidonic acid on growth performance and fillet fatty acid composition of Atlantic salmon

et al. 2012

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The effects of stearidonic acid (SDA; 18:4n‐3) derived from SDA‐enhanced, genetically modified soybeans (Monsanto Company, St Louis, MO, USA) on growth performance and fatty acid (FA) composition of large Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar; 2.1 kg initial weight) were evaluated. There was a stepwise decrease in feed intake and subsequent weight gain of immature Atlantic salmon with increased replacement of fish oil by SDA soy oil from 0%, 50% to 100% added oil. SDA increased and n‐3 highly unsaturated FA (n‐3 HUFA; eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid) decreased in the diet and corresponding fillet with increased SDA oil inclusion. Salmon with the same weight gain fed SDA oil compared with rapeseed oil at 50% fish oil replacement had similar n‐3 HUFA fillet levels indicating little or no increased synthesis of n‐3 HUFA from SDA for deposition in the fillet. However, elongation of dietary SDA to 20:4n‐3 for deposition in the fillet of SDA oil fed fish was indicated. The increased SDA and 20:4n‐3 in the fillet of Atlantic salmon fed SDA oil compared with rapeseed oil at 50% fish oil replacement may be more effective as precursors for EPA in humans than 18:3n‐3 which was in the fillet at similar levels.

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“…This freshwater phase is only a short period of the total life cycle for farmed Atlantic salmon. Trials for the same species during the seawater stage (bulk of the life cycle) showed SDA was not so effective [63,64,88]. Some EPA was produced and also DPA, but no DHA.…”

Section: Ala and Sda In Aquafeedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

DHA-Containing Oilseed: A Timely Solution for the Sustainability Issues Surrounding Fish Oil Sources of the Health-Benefitting Long-Chain Omega-3 Oils

et al. 2014

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Benefits of long-chain (≥C20) omega-3 oils (LC omega-3 oils) for reduction of the risk of a range of disorders are well documented. The benefits result from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); optimal intake levels of these bioactive fatty acids for maintenance of normal health and prevention of diseases have been developed and adopted by national and international health agencies and science bodies. These developments have led to increased consumer demand for LC omega-3 oils and, coupled with increasing global population, will impact on future sustainable supply of fish. Seafood supply from aquaculture has risen over the past decades and it relies on harvest of wild catch fisheries also for its fish oil needs. Alternate sources of LC omega-3 oils are being pursued, including genetically modified soybean rich in shorter-chain stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4ω3). However, neither oils from traditional oilseeds such as linseed, nor the SDA soybean oil have shown efficient conversion to DHA. A recent breakthrough has seen the demonstration of a land plant-based oil enriched in DHA, and with omega-6 PUFA levels close to that occurring in marine sources of EPA and DHA. We review alternative sources of DHA supply with emphasis on the need for land plant oils containing EPA and DHA.

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Effect of feeding Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) a diet enriched with stearidonic acid from parr to smolt on growth and n-3 long-chain PUFA biosynthesis

Cited by 36 publications

References 50 publications

Farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) is a good source of long chain omega‐3 fatty acids

Farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) is a good source of long chain omega‐3 fatty acids

Effect of soy oil containing stearidonic acid on growth performance and fillet fatty acid composition of Atlantic salmon

DHA-Containing Oilseed: A Timely Solution for the Sustainability Issues Surrounding Fish Oil Sources of the Health-Benefitting Long-Chain Omega-3 Oils

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