Effect of family history, occupation and diet on the risk of Parkinson disease: A case-control study

Abstract

Background The aetiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is still very controversial, with a peculiar lack of established risk factors or protective behavior. Methods We carried out a case–control study of 634 idiopathic PD patients admitted from 2011 to 2015 to two hospitals located in central Italy and 532 controls matched by hospital, gender and age (± 5 years). The study questionnaire included questions on host factors, family history, residence, occupation and lifestyle. Odds ratios (ORs) for PD and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated with logistic regression, adjusting for actual and potential confounders. Results A lower OR was observed in females (0.74; 95%CI:0.58–0.96), while older age classes showed a constantly increased risk for PD (p<0.005) starting from the class 65–69 years. Subjects who reported a first degree relative affected by PD showed a borderline increase which was more evident in those enrolled in the urban center of Rome (OR = 1.65; 95%CI: 1.09–2.50). Significant reduction of the risk was associated to current smoking (OR = 0.48; 95%CI: 0.24–0.54), and to vegetables consumption (p<0.03), while borderline increases were associated to meat and cold cut consumption. Occupational activities classified according to ISCO-08 categories did not show increased risk, while higher ORs’ were found for pilots and physicians. Conclusions The results from this study confirmed the higher risk of PD in males and in elderly, and the inverse association with smoking habit. The possible etiological role of familial clustering, dietary habit, and some job tasks is suggested.

Global Trends in the Incidence, Prevalence, and Years Lived With Disability of Parkinson's Disease in 204 Countries/Territories From 1990 to 2019

“…Meanwhile, the improved diagnostic methods also led to better identifications of incidence (22,23). A larger burden and the upward trends of ASIR in males was possibly due to higher occupational factors, unhealthy lifestyles, and so on (24)(25)(26). Furthermore, estrogen had potential neuroprotective effects for females (27).…”

Penyakit Parkinson Akibat Merkuri pada Pekerja Penambangan Emas Skala Kecil

“…4 Patogenesis penyakit Parkinson sangat kompleks dan kemungkinan besar disebabkan oleh interaksi antara faktor risiko genetik dan lingkungan. 5 Studi epidemiologi dan toksikologi telah mengemukakan berbagai macam faktor risiko lingkungan yang berpotensi terlibat dalam etiologi PD, termasuk paparan pekerjaan dan lingkungan serta gaya hidup, seperti merokok dan diet. 6 Paparan terhadap zat toksik dari lingkungan, seperti logam, dapat meningkatkan risiko kerusakan saraf pada penyakit neurodegeneratif.…”

Relationships of Nutritional Factors and Agrochemical Exposure with Parkinson’s Disease in the Province of Brescia, Italy

“…Some studies suggested that nutritional factors may have both neuroprotective and neurodegenerative effects resulting in the onset of PD [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Dairy product consumption, red meat, and animal fat may increase the risk of PD, while high fish intake, fruit, vegetables, and caffeine consumption are suggested to be inversely associated with PD [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Logroscino et al conducted a population-based case-control study among 110 cases and 287 controls in the USA, and they found an increased risk of PD with increased dietary animal fat [ 25 ].…”

“…Further, several studies have demonstrated the independent effects of nutritional and agricultural chemical exposures in the occurrence of PD [ 9 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]. However, most studies have relatively small sample sizes, and, to our knowledge, none of the studies to date has examined the combined effects of both nutritional and agricultural chemical factors.…”