Effect of extraction methods on characteristic and composition of Indonesian cashew nut shell liquid

Yuliana, Maria; Tran‐Thi, Ngoc Yen; Ju, Yi‐Hsu

doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.07.007

Cited by 42 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Extraction methods affect the selectivity towards various compounds in CNS [18]. High concentrations of mono-unsaturated cardanol were extracted with Supercritical water (SCW) and soxhlet extraction methods (See Table 1).…”

Section: Extraction Of Cnslmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cashew Nut Shell Oil — A Renewable and Reliable Petrochemical Feedstock

Taiwo¹

2015

Advances in Petrochemicals

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This study evaluates the occurrence of cashew plant, extraction processes and composition of cashew nut shell liquid CNSL , modification and conversion processes, as well as environmental impact and controls of the liquid as petrochemical feedstock. The goal of this study is to bring the alternative usage of CNSL to the limelight and to mitigate the serious problems posed by the depleting petroleum reserves.Cashew nut shell CNS was obtained fresh from the wild, pulverized and then extracted by pyrolysis and solvent extraction methods using n-hexane. The liquid obtained was characterized. Experimental results corroborated the fact that CNSL contains mainly phenolic compounds such as cardanol, cardol, anacardic acid andmethyl cardol. CNSL obtained by pyrolysis has a higher density with less moisture content, while solvent-extracted CNSL had higher contents of cardol and anacardic acid.CNSL offers innumerable applications due to the phenolic nature of its constituents, with enshrined features for transformation into high-value specialty chemicals.Varied CNSL composition with varying extraction processes are a vantage opportunity with multiple application potentials as a valuable petrochemical feedstock.

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Section: Extraction Of Cnslmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cashew Nut Shell Oil — A Renewable and Reliable Petrochemical Feedstock

Taiwo¹

2015

Advances in Petrochemicals

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“…The Cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.) is a native plant of the Brazilian Northeast [1][2][3], cultivated in many equatorial and sub-equatorial areas of the world [1,4]. Only six countries (Brazil, India, Madagascar, Mozambique, Kenya and Tanzania) stand out in a significant way in the production and commercial exploration of the cashew nut [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While the kernel is nutritionally valuable, the shell has been considered as a residue of cashew nut production [4]. The byproduct of the chestnut processing, the cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), was initially used as raw material in the production of antioxidants, thermal insulation and attrition material, plasticizers, surfactants, paints and varnishes [4][5][6][7]. Its components also have antioxidant, fungicidal, molluscicidal, anti-tumor, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-genotoxic and cytostatic activities [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel ultraviolet absorbers derived from cashew nut shell liquid: spectrophotometric, in silico and in vitro assays

Araújo

Romeiro²,

Rodrigues³

et al. 2020

Drug Anal. Res.

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The cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) constituents were isolated by our group leading to four mixtures and seventeen pure compounds, which had chromophoric groups similar to organic ultraviolet (UV) absorbers. In addition, C15 and C8 CNSL-derivatives molecules were rationally planned as UV absorbers. Mixtures and isolated CNSL compounds were demonstrated to be non-phototoxic when evaluated in a phototoxicity assay using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Considering the absorption values on the UV range, 6 compounds showed appropriate SPF values regarding the spectrophotometric test. Additionally, in silico and in vitro evaluations were performed, showing non-oral bioavailability, as well as non-mutagenic, non-genotoxic and non-phototoxic properties for the tested compounds. These results contribute favorably to the aimed use of the compounds under analysis as novel organic UV absorbers that have as precursor the phenolic lipid component of CNSL, a waste product obtained as the by-product of cashew nut food processing.

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“…Solvent extraction method was used to extract oil (liquid) from the cashew nut shell [17,18,19]. For this study, acetone was utilized as the solvent while Soxhlet extractor apparatus Fransz, (1879) was used.…”

Section: Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Chemically Modified Cashew Nut Shell Liquid

Dosunmu

Kinigoma

Akaranta

2019

JERR

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The need to convert waste-to-wealth motivated this research. Huge amount of by-products generated in the processing stage of cashew nut is treated as waste and dumped in the environment. The waste contains a dark liquid rich in natural and renewable phenolic material known as cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). Owing to the phenolic composition and structural features of CNSL, different types of naturally occurring as well as modified natural cellulose based polymers have been synthesized and used to substitute synthetic and petroleum based polymers for various applications. In this study, naturally occurring liquid from cashew nut shell was extracted, modified and characterized as additive for drilling fluid formulations. The study adopted solvent extraction technique using soxhlet apparatus, acetone and cashew nut shell. The liquid Dike et al.; JERR, 8(4): 1-8, 2019; Article no.JERR.52884 2 extract was further modified using amines respectively. In the condensation reaction, 100 mls of the cashew nut shell was used to react with 7.3 ml ethanol-amines, 27.58 ml diethanol-amine (DEA) and 38.2 ml triethanol-amine (TEA) respectively. The mixtures were sulphonated with sulphamic acid as catalyst at a temperature ranging from 100ºC to 140ºC. The reaction mixtures were stirred continually for an hour (1hr.) and water of esterification was collected as by-product of the reaction which was an indication of complete reaction. Biodegradable, cheap and renewable esters were obtained. To elucidate on the chemical structure, the esters were subjected to elemental analysis using the FTIR instrument. The results of the FTIR analysis revealed that N-H and C-H stretching vibrations which were absent in CNSL, were present in the modified compounds, attesting that in deed new compounds have been formed. The physico-chemical properties of the extract was analysand the result showed an agreement with existing literature. These products, in combination with the right additives, and conditions could be potential multipurpose additives in drilling operation. This will help to reduce the cost of importing synthetic oilfield additives, creating job opportunities and boosting the local content goal. Original Research Article

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Effect of extraction methods on characteristic and composition of Indonesian cashew nut shell liquid

Cited by 42 publications

References 27 publications

Cashew Nut Shell Oil — A Renewable and Reliable Petrochemical Feedstock

Cashew Nut Shell Oil — A Renewable and Reliable Petrochemical Feedstock

Novel ultraviolet absorbers derived from cashew nut shell liquid: spectrophotometric, in silico and in vitro assays

Characterization of Chemically Modified Cashew Nut Shell Liquid

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