Effect of Exposure to UV-C Irradiation and Monochloramine on Adenovirus Serotype 2 Early Protein Expression and DNA Replication

Abstract

The mechanisms of adenovirus serotype 2 inactivation with either UV light (with a narrow emission spectrum centered at 254 nm) or monochloramine were investigated by assessing the potential inhibition of two key steps of the adenovirus life cycle, namely, E1A protein synthesis and viral genomic replication. E1A early protein synthesis was assayed by using immunoblotting, while the replication of viral DNA was analyzed by using slot blotting. Disinfection experiments were performed in phosphate buffer solutions at pH 8 and room temperature (UV) or 20°C (monochloramine). Experimental results revealed that normalized E1A levels at 12 h postinfection (p.i.) were statistically the same as the corresponding decrease in survival ratio for both UV and monochloramine disinfection. Normalized DNA levels at 24 h p.i. were also found to be statistically the same as the corresponding decrease in survival ratio for monochloramine disinfection. In contrast, for UV disinfection, genomic DNA levels were much lower than E1A or survival ratios, possibly as a result of a delay in DNA replication for UV-treated virions compared to that for controls. Future efforts will determine the pre-E1A synthesis step in the adenovirus life cycle affected by exposure to UV and monochloramine, with the goal of identifying the viral molecular target of these two disinfectants.

Mechanisms of Methods for Hepatitis C Virus Inactivation

“…UV irradiation, typically at a wavelength of 254 nm, is known to target nucleic acids, while leaving proteins largely preserved (29,33). However, both viral genome and protein damage have been reported previously due to UV irradiation (30,34,35). Viral inactivation by alcohols is thought to be due to membrane damage and rapid protein denaturation (36) and, indeed, HCV RNA integrity was not compromised after treatment of the virus with either ethanol or 2-propanol.…”

Iron oxide amended biosand filters for virus removal

“…MS2 was replicated and purified as described previously [29][30][31][32][33] with the following modifications . Select experiments were also performed using rotavirus (RV) to verify MS2 results.…”

Detection of Infectious Adenoviruses in Environmental Waters by Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting Assay

“…(ii) Ads are among the most prevalent human viruses identified in human sewage and are frequently detected in marine waters and the Great Lakes (17,32,33,35). (iii) Ads are more resistant to UV disinfection than any other bacteria or viruses (3,5,10,24,41,42,44). Thus, they may survive wastewater treatment as increasing numbers of wastewater treatment facilities switch from chlorination to UV to avoid disinfection by-products.…”