Effect of Experimental Hand Pain on Training-Induced Changes in Motor Performance and Corticospinal Excitability

Mavromatis, N.; Neige, Cécilia; Gagné, Martin; Reilly, Karen T.; Mercier, Catherine

doi:10.3390/brainsci7020015

Cited by 19 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…For instance, during training of a novel tongue-protrusion task, it was shown that capsaicin cream applied to the tongue reduced the gains in excitability of the tongue MI that would otherwise occur during training in a pain-free state, however, gains in performance were still evident [ 9 ]. A later study corroborated that pain can interfere with corticomotor excitability increases, but not necessarily acquisition of the motor skill [ 40 ]. It has further been reported that if pain affects acquisition of movement patterns during training, these altered movement patterns may persist 24 hours later [ 41 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Additionally, neck training in the presence of acute hypertonic saline-induced pain may induce long-lasting inhibition of corticomotor excitability [ 42 ]. Conversely, other studies have reported that different topical pain paradigms such as capsaicin [ 40 , 43 – 45 ] or heat [ 46 ] do not alter acquisition during performance of different motor tasks, but retention may be enhanced [ 45 ]. As such, a large body of contrasting evidence is available, and the interaction between pain and motor acquisition/retention remains controversial.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differential Corticomotor Excitability Responses to Hypertonic Saline-Induced Muscle Pain in Forearm and Hand Muscles

et al. 2018

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Experimental muscle pain inhibits corticomotor excitability (CE) of upper limb muscles. It is unknown if this inhibition affects overlapping muscle representations within the primary motor cortex to the same degree. This study explored CE changes of the first dorsal interosseus (FDI) and extensor carpi radialis (ECR) muscles in response to muscle pain. Participants (n = 13) attended two sessions (≥48 hours in-between). Hypertonic saline was injected in the ECR (session one) or the FDI (session two) muscle. CE, assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) motor-evoked potentials (MEPs), was recorded at baseline, during pain, and twenty minutes postinjection together with pain intensity ratings. Pain intensity ratings did not differ between the two pain sites (p = 0.19). In response to FDI muscle pain, the MEPs of the FDI muscle were reduced at 2 and 4 min postinjection (p ≤ 0.03), but not after ECR muscle pain. No significant MEP change was detected for the ECR muscle (p = 0.62). No associations between MEPs and pain intensity were found (p > 0.2). The present results indicate that the output from overlapping cortical representations of two muscles differentially adapts to acute muscle pain.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Corticomotor Excitability Responses to Hypertonic Saline-Induced Muscle Pain in Forearm and Hand Muscles

et al. 2018

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“…Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been commonly used to investigate the effect of experimental pain on corticospinal excitability. Together, TMS studies show no consensus and it has been reported that pain can either induce a decrease [ 18 – 24 ] and increase [ 25 – 27 ] or have no effect [ 16 , 28 – 30 ] on corticospinal excitability. This might be attributed, at least in part, to several methodological differences between studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Cutaneous Heat Pain on Corticospinal Excitability of the Tibialis Anterior at Rest and during Submaximal Contraction

et al. 2018

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Previous studies have shown that pain can interfere with motor control. The neural mechanisms underlying these effects remain largely unknown. At the upper limb, mounting evidence suggests that pain-induced reduction in corticospinal excitability is involved. No equivalent data is currently available at the lower limb. The present study therefore examined the effect of thermal pain on the corticospinal drive to tibialis anterior (TA) at rest and during an isometric submaximal dorsiflexion. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to induce motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in the TA at rest and during contraction in the presence or absence of cutaneous heat pain induced by a thermode positioned above the TA (51°C during 1 s). With similar pain ratings between conditions (3.9/10 at rest and 3.6/10 during contraction), results indicate significant decreases in MEP amplitude during both rest (−9%) and active conditions (−13%) (main effect of pain, p = 0.02). These results therefore suggest that cutaneous heat pain can reduce corticospinal excitability in the TA muscle and that such reduction in corticospinal excitability could contribute to the interference of pain on motor control/motor learning.

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“…The modality appears to matter more that the pain intensity, as average pain ratings are comparable across studies using topical capsaicin cream [49][50][51][52][53] and intramuscular hypertonic saline injection [12,13,16]. Importantly, several previous studies using experimental cutaneous pain demonstrated modulations of corticospinal excitability [6,[49][50][51][52] and alterations of motor performance [54] and motor learning [55,56]. Therefore, the present results should not be interpreted as indicating that cutaneous pain does not interact with the motor system, but rather that in the case of cutaneous pain, these interactions appear to occur at the cortical level rather than at the spinal level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In addition to the large brain network which is classically associated with pain processing (including the primary and secondary somatosensory, insular, and anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortices and thalamus), some functional neuroimaging studies have reported hemodynamic changes in brain regions related to motor function during pain, including the primary motor cortex [ 58 – 60 ]. As mentioned in Introduction, many transcranial magnetic stimulation studies also showed a pain-induced modulation of corticospinal excitability [ 6 , 49 – 51 ], with some studies showing alterations in mechanisms which are known to be intracortical, such as short-interval intracortical inhibition [ 61 – 63 ] and interhemispheric inhibition [ 64 ]. Only a few transcranial magnetic stimulation studies examined the effect of pain specifically on circuits involved in sensorimotor integration, which is relevant to EV responses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Experimental Tonic Pain on Corrective Motor Responses to Mechanical Perturbations

et al. 2020

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Movement is altered by pain, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Assessing corrective muscle responses following mechanical perturbations can help clarify these underlying mechanisms, as these responses involve spinal (short-latency response, 20-50 ms), transcortical (long-latency response, 50-100 ms), and cortical (early voluntary response, 100-150 ms) mechanisms. Pairing mechanical (proprioceptive) perturbations with different conditions of visual feedback can also offer insight into how pain impacts on sensorimotor integration. The general aim of this study was to examine the impact of experimental tonic pain on corrective muscle responses evoked by mechanical and/or visual perturbations in healthy adults. Two sessions (Pain (induced with capsaicin) and No pain) were performed using a robotic exoskeleton combined with a 2D virtual environment. Participants were instructed to maintain their index in a target despite the application of perturbations under four conditions of sensory feedback: (1) proprioceptive only, (2) visuoproprioceptive congruent, (3) visuoproprioceptive incongruent, and (4) visual only. Perturbations were induced in either flexion or extension, with an amplitude of 2 or 3 Nm. Surface electromyography was recorded from Biceps and Triceps muscles. Results demonstrated no significant effect of the type of sensory feedback on corrective muscle responses, no matter whether pain was present or not. When looking at the effect of pain on corrective responses across muscles, a significant interaction was found, but for the early voluntary responses only. These results suggest that the effect of cutaneous tonic pain on motor control arises mainly at the cortical (rather than spinal) level and that proprioception dominates vision for responses to perturbations, even in the presence of pain. The observation of a muscle-specific modulation using a cutaneous pain model highlights the fact that the impacts of pain on the motor system are not only driven by the need to unload structures from which the nociceptive signal is arising.

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Effect of Experimental Hand Pain on Training-Induced Changes in Motor Performance and Corticospinal Excitability

Cited by 19 publications

References 45 publications

Differential Corticomotor Excitability Responses to Hypertonic Saline-Induced Muscle Pain in Forearm and Hand Muscles

Differential Corticomotor Excitability Responses to Hypertonic Saline-Induced Muscle Pain in Forearm and Hand Muscles

Effect of Cutaneous Heat Pain on Corticospinal Excitability of the Tibialis Anterior at Rest and during Submaximal Contraction

Impact of Experimental Tonic Pain on Corrective Motor Responses to Mechanical Perturbations

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