Effect of experimental acalculous cholecystitis on gallbladder smooth muscle contractility

Effects of Melatonin on Gallbladder Neuromuscular Function in Acute Cholecystitis

“…The smaller contractile responses to EFS in cholecystitic strips suggest the existence of an inflammation-induced impairment in the gallbladder intrinsic nerves, in agreement with previous results in human and animal models (McKirdy et al, 1994a;Parkman et al, 2000). However, the reduced gallbladder smooth muscle contractility to ACh found in cholecystitis (Parkman et al, 1999a(Parkman et al, , 2000Gomez-Pinilla et al, 2006b) could also contribute to the impaired neuromuscular function in inflamed tissue. The most striking finding in our study was the lack of sensitivity shown by cholecystitic strips to TTX, which could be explained by a direct release of neurotransmitter from nervous terminal.…”

“…Although its pathogenesis is unknown, gallbladder stasis is always present, probably as the result of the deleterious neural and muscular actions of inflammatory mediators such as reactive oxygen species and prostaglandins (Pozo et al, 2004). In animal models, it has been described that cholecystitis reduces gallbladder contractile responses to agonists that act directly on smooth muscle cells (Parkman et al, 1999a;Xiao et al, 2001) and that it also causes alterations in calcium signaling and contractile machinery (Gomez-Pinilla et al, 2006b). In addition, EFS-induced contractions are also impaired in inflamed gallbladder, mainly due to the reduction in the function of cholinergic nerves and the up-regulation of the inhibitory nitrergic component (Parkman et al, 2000).…”

Effect of Endotoxin on Opossum Gallbladder Motility: A Model of Acalculous Cholecystitis

“…Other experimental preparations have been proposed to mimic the clinical scenario of acalculous cholecystitis. Parkman et al 29,30 have demonstrated gallbladder smooth muscle dysfunction after common bile duct ligation. This experimental preparation has been proposed to demonstrate the effects of acute acalculous cholecystitis because it reliably produces acute inflammation of the gallbladder.…”

Anisotropic behaviour of human gallbladder walls

“…The pathogenesis of such disorders is not fully understood (Parkman et al 1999). Many researchers believe that it is related to mechanical responses trigged by smooth muscle contraction of the GB (Smythe et al 1998;Parkman et al 1999;Wegstapel et al 1999;Amaral et al 2001;Merg et al 2002).…”

“…The pathogenesis of such disorders is not fully understood (Parkman et al 1999). Many researchers believe that it is related to mechanical responses trigged by smooth muscle contraction of the GB (Smythe et al 1998;Parkman et al 1999;Wegstapel et al 1999;Amaral et al 2001;Merg et al 2002). The mechanical behaviour of the human GB has been extensively studied, primarily using a linear membrane ellipsoid model (Liao et al 2004;Li et al 2008;Li et al 2011a;Li et al 2011b).…”