Effect of Exercise on Glutamine Synthesis and Transport in Skeletal Muscle From Rats

Santos, Ronaldo Vt; Caperuto, Érico Chagas; Mello, Marco Túlio de; Batista, Mauro Alexandre Benites; Rosa, Luís Fernando Bicudo Pereira Costa

doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05146.x

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Physical exercise is associated with enhanced BCAA oxidation and GLN release from muscles [ 84 , 85 ]. Evidence suggests that BCKD is activated by dephosphorylation mediated by falling ATP levels within the muscles during exercise.…”

Section: Conditions With Enhanced Bcaa Catabolism and Inconsistent Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Branched-chain amino acids in health and disease: metabolism, alterations in blood plasma, and as supplements

2018

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Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs; valine, leucine, and isoleucine) are essential amino acids with protein anabolic properties, which have been studied in a number of muscle wasting disorders for more than 50 years. However, until today, there is no consensus regarding their therapeutic effectiveness.In the article is demonstrated that the crucial roles in BCAA metabolism play: (i) skeletal muscle as the initial site of BCAA catabolism accompanied with the release of alanine and glutamine to the blood; (ii) activity of branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKD); and (iii) amination of branched-chain keto acids (BCKAs) to BCAAs. Enhanced consumption of BCAA for ammonia detoxification to glutamine in muscles is the cause of decreased BCAA levels in liver cirrhosis and urea cycle disorders. Increased BCKD activity is responsible for enhanced oxidation of BCAA in chronic renal failure, trauma, burn, sepsis, cancer, phenylbutyrate-treated subjects, and during exercise. Decreased BCKD activity is the main cause of increased BCAA levels and BCKAs in maple syrup urine disease, and plays a role in increased BCAA levels in diabetes type 2 and obesity. Increased BCAA concentrations during brief starvation and type 1 diabetes are explained by amination of BCKAs in visceral tissues and decreased uptake of BCAA by muscles.The studies indicate beneficial effects of BCAAs and BCKAs in therapy of chronic renal failure. New therapeutic strategies should be developed to enhance effectiveness and avoid adverse effects of BCAA on ammonia production in subjects with liver cirrhosis and urea cycle disorders. Further studies are needed to elucidate the effects of BCAA supplementation in burn, trauma, sepsis, cancer and exercise. Whether increased BCAA levels only markers are or also contribute to insulin resistance should be known before the decision is taken regarding their suitability in obese subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes.It is concluded that alterations in BCAA metabolism have been found common in a number of disease states and careful studies are needed to elucidate their therapeutic effectiveness in most indications.

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Section: Conditions With Enhanced Bcaa Catabolism and Inconsistent Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Branched-chain amino acids in health and disease: metabolism, alterations in blood plasma, and as supplements

2018

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“…O enduro, exercício intenso e prolongado, produz um efeito negativo na concentração plasmática maior que exercícios curtos. Isso se deve ao aumento da sua contribuição para os processos anapleróticos, gliconeogênese e ativação das células do sistema imunológico (SANTOS et al, 2009). Investigações com acompanhamento de atletas humanos, após esforço intenso, confirmaram a existência de depleção dos níveis de glutamina no soro sanguíneo e em fibras musculares do tipo I, (KARGO-TICH et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Avaliação da glutamina, amônia e cortisol em cavalos de enduro durante corridas de diferentes distâncias

Siqueira

Fernandes

2015

Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci.

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ResumoA glutamina é o aminoácido livre mais abundante no organismo de mamíferos, muito importante para a proliferação celular, metabolismo da amônia e para produção de energia na musculatura esquelética, principalmente durante o exercício aeróbico. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar se os níveis séricos de glutamina, amônia e cortisol, em cavalos de enduro, podem ser modelos de estudo da dinâmica deste importante aminoácido durante o exercício, pois estes animais são submetidos a esforço aeróbico prolongado e intenso. Foram utilizados 33 cavalos de enduro que competiram nas categorias de 80 km (n = 13), 120 km (n = 14) e 160 km (n = 5) em quatro provas. Não houve diferença estatística nos níveis de glutamina entre os momentos de coleta (P > 0,05). Houve aumento significativo dos níveis plasmáticos de amônia após o término das provas (P < 0,05). Esse aumento foi mais marcado nos cavalos de 80 km, seguido pelos de 120 e por último os de 160 km. Houve correlação positiva entre os níveis de amônia e glutamina nas categorias de 160, 120 e 80 km (r = 0,209, r = 0,151 e r = 0,176, respectivamente; P < 0,05). Oscilações séricas dos níveis de glutamina são difíceis de se detectar em cavalos de enduro, já que as fibras musculares oxidativas são importantes reservatórios desse aminoácido. Ainda, é difícil saber sobre consumo de glutamina dadas as reservas orgânicas e a facilidade de metabolização. A concentração sérica de amônia pode servir como indicador indireto do consumo de glutamina. Assim, concluiu-se que as dosagens de amônia e cortisol podem servir como medidas indiretas da utilização da glutamina durante o exercício aeróbico e ambas como marcadores de esforço.Palavras-chave: Glutamina sérica. Cavalos de enduro. Amônia. Cortisol. AbstractGlutamine is the most abundant free amino acid in the bodies of mammals. It is very important for cell proliferation, metabolism of ammonia and energy production in skeletal muscles, especially during aerobic exercise. The aim of this study was to investigate if serum levels of glutamine and ammonia could be models for studying the dynamics of this important amino acid during exercise in endurance horses, as these animals are subjected to prolonged and intense aerobic workloads. Thirty-three endurance horses that competed in the categories of 80 km (n = 13), 120 km (n = 14) and 160 km (n = 5) in four races were tested. There was no statistical difference in the levels of glutamine between moments (P > 0.05), but there was a significant increase in plasma levels of ammonia right after the race (P < 0.05). This increase is more marked in the horses that ran 80 km, followed by those that ran 120 km and finally by those running 160 km. There was a positive correlation between the levels of ammonia and glutamine in categories 160, 120 and 80 km (r = 0.209, r = 0.151 and r = 0.176, respectively; P < 0.05). Oscillations in serum levels of glutamine are difficult to detect in endurance horses, since oxidative muscle fibers are important reservoirs of this amino acid. Also, it i...

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“…Glutamine is synthesized mainly by the skeletal muscle in an ATP-dependent reaction mediated by glutamine synthetase (GS), which catalyzes it from glutamate and ammonia (glutaminase being the enzyme that catalyzes the reverse reaction, however, it is not found in the skeletal muscle). Glutamine is then released from the muscle and transported to the plasma by a bidirectional N m transportation system affected by glucocorticoids and insulin levels (Walsh et al, 1998;dos Santos et al, 2009).…”

Section: Glutaminementioning

confidence: 99%

Crosstalk Between Skeletal Muscle and Immune System: Which Roles Do IL-6 and Glutamine Play?

et al. 2020

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The skeletal muscle was always seen from biomechanical and biochemical views. It is well-established that an active muscle brings many benefits for different body organs and tissues, including the immune system. Since the 1970s, many studies have shown the importance of regular exercise and physical activity in increasing the body's ability to fight opportunist infections, as well as a strategy to fight established diseases. This interaction was mainly attributed to the glutamine, a non-essential amino acid produced by the active skeletal muscle and primarily consumed by rapidly dividing cells, including lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages, as their main source of energy. Therefore, these cells' function would be significantly improved by the presence of a bigger glutamine pool, facilitating phagocytosis, antigen-presentation, proliferative capacity, cytokine synthesis and release, among other functions. Despite its importance, glutamine is not the only molecule to connect these two tissues. The presence of cytokines is crucial for a proper immune system function. Many of them have well-established pro-inflammatory properties, while others are known for their anti-inflammatory role. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), however, has been in the center of many scientific discussions since it can act as pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokine depending on the tissue that releases it. Skeletal muscle is an essential source of IL-6 with anti-inflammatory properties, regulating the function of the immune cells after tissue injury and the healing process. Therefore, this review aims to discuss further the role of these four components (glutamine, and interleukin-6, and its interface with monocytes/macrophages, and lymphocytes) on the communication between the skeletal muscle and the immune system.

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Effect of Exercise on Glutamine Synthesis and Transport in Skeletal Muscle From Rats

Cited by 15 publications

References 47 publications

Branched-chain amino acids in health and disease: metabolism, alterations in blood plasma, and as supplements

Branched-chain amino acids in health and disease: metabolism, alterations in blood plasma, and as supplements

Avaliação da glutamina, amônia e cortisol em cavalos de enduro durante corridas de diferentes distâncias

Crosstalk Between Skeletal Muscle and Immune System: Which Roles Do IL-6 and Glutamine Play?

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