Effect of Excess Iodine Intake from Iodized Salt and/or Groundwater Iodine on Thyroid Function in Nonpregnant and Pregnant Women, Infants, and Children: A Multicenter Study in East Africa

Farebrother, Jessica; Zimmermann, Michael; Abdallah, F. Chermiti Ben; Assey, Vincent; Fingerhut, Ralph; Gichohi-Wainaina, Wanjiku N.; Hussein, Izzeldin; Makokha, Anselimo; Sagno, Kalil; Untoro, Juliawati; Watts, Michael J.; Andersson, Maria

doi:10.1089/thy.2018.0234

Cited by 52 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…At a salt intake of about 10 g/day, WHO recommends salt fortification at 20−40 mg/kg, and iodization of ≥15 mg/kg at consumption is adequate to prevent population iodine deficiency but not the risk of excess intakes in vulnerable groups . The risk of localized excess iodine intakes may increase if legislation stipulates salt iodine fortification above the recommended level or if salt is overiodized at production . Salt fortification should be adapted to the actual salt intake and the cumulative coverage of iodized salt, including coverage in staple processed foods, such as bread or bouillon …”

Section: Potential Sources Of Excessive Iodine Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In iodine‐sufficient populations, if iodine intake is borderline, iodine is preferentially partitioned into breast milk to safeguard infant requirements . High breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC) is reported in areas with excess iodine intakes . Whether there is an active downregulation of iodine secretion into breast milk at elevated maternal iodine intakes remains unclear.…”

Section: Potential Sources Of Excessive Iodine Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Excess iodine intake: sources, assessment, and effects on thyroid function

Farebrother

Zimmermann

Andersson

2019

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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191

131

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Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis. High iodine intakes are well tolerated by most healthy individuals, but in some people, excess iodine intakes may precipitate hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, goiter, and/or thyroid autoimmunity. Individuals with preexisting thyroid disease or those previously exposed to iodine deficiency may be more susceptible to thyroid disorders due to an increase in iodine intake, in some cases at intakes only slightly above physiological needs. Thyroid dysfunction due to excess iodine intake is usually mild and transient, but iodine‐induced hyperthyroidism can be life‐threatening in some individuals. At the population level, excess iodine intakes may arise from consumption of overiodized salt, drinking water, animal milk rich in iodine, certain seaweeds, iodine‐containing dietary supplements, and from a combination of these sources. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of a population reflects the total iodine intake from all sources and can accurately identify populations with excessive iodine intakes. Our review describes the association between excess iodine intake and thyroid function. We outline potential sources of excess iodine intake and the physiological responses and consequences of excess iodine intakes. We provide guidance on choice of biomarkers to assess iodine intake, with an emphasis on the UIC and thyroglobulin.

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Section: Potential Sources Of Excessive Iodine Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Potential Sources Of Excessive Iodine Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Excess iodine intake: sources, assessment, and effects on thyroid function

Farebrother

Zimmermann

Andersson

2019

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Self Cite

191

131

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The poor quality control could rather lead to nonuniform mixing during fortification procedures, leaving portions of salt with high fortificant concentrations. However, consumers are likely to be exposed to biological risks if exposed over a longer duration . The test kits used for the assessment of the iodine content of salt provided results in ranges.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A Danish study mapped different drinking water sources and found a wide variation of total iodine content . Similarly, a study in East Africa found high levels of iodine (≥10 μg/L) in 9% of drinking water samples . Thus, water mapping is critical in the assessment of total iodine intake.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risks of excess iodine intake in Ghana: current situation, challenges, and lessons for the future

Abu

Oldewage‐Theron

Aryeetey

2018

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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In Ghana, iodine deficiency was first reported in 1994 among 33% of the population. A nationwide Universal Salt Iodization (USI) program plus other complementary interventions were subsequently implemented as a response. Our paper reviews the current risks of excess iodine status in Ghana and identifies policy and research gaps. A mixed methods review of 12 policies and institutional reports and 13 peer‐reviewed articles was complemented with consultations with 23 key informants (salt producers and distributors, food processors, regulatory agency officials, and healthcare providers) purposively sampled between May and August 2017. The findings show a strong policy environment indicated by regulations on food and salt fortification (Act 851), including the USI regulation. However, currently, only a third of Ghanaian households use adequately iodized salt. Recent evidence shows that voluntarily fortified processed foods (including condiments) supply a considerable amount of iodine to the food system. Limited biological impact data suggest possible household exposure to excessive dietary iodine (>15 parts per million). Currently, there is no systematic tracking of iodine content from fortified foods and other sources. Cross‐sectoral actions are needed to understand this situation better. Key research gap is the lack of comprehensive data on iodine content and intake from other sources in Ghana.

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Iodine: Physiological importance and food sources

Nedić

2023

eFood

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Iodine is essential for humans who can ingest or inhale different forms of this microelement. Its primary role is to be a constituent of thyroid hormones that control basal metabolism, growth, and development. Iodine deficiency causes major health problems and still persists in the population. During pregnancy, it may endanger neurodevelopment and even the life of the fetus. The objective of this article is to review the physiological importance of iodine, the consequences of iodine deficiency, methods to determine iodine status, recommendations for satisfactory iodine intake and risk limits, data on iodine concentrations in most common foods, as well as procedures that can increase iodine content in food. Iodization of kitchen salt is a method used for almost a century, but newer techniques for the production of iodine‐fortified foods have emerged offering additional means to deal with insufficient iodine intake. Biotechnology solutions for food fortification, which include iodine addition during and after plant/animal growth, are reviewed as well. Although the general health situation regarding iodine status has improved over years, iodine deficiency has not been eradicated. Further efforts to create safe and more efficient fortification procedures, focused follow‐up programs and healthy nutritional habits are still needed.

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Effect of Excess Iodine Intake from Iodized Salt and/or Groundwater Iodine on Thyroid Function in Nonpregnant and Pregnant Women, Infants, and Children: A Multicenter Study in East Africa

Cited by 52 publications

References 58 publications

Excess iodine intake: sources, assessment, and effects on thyroid function

Excess iodine intake: sources, assessment, and effects on thyroid function

Risks of excess iodine intake in Ghana: current situation, challenges, and lessons for the future

Iodine: Physiological importance and food sources

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