“…[2,17,19,20,23,30,43]) to a more general case where retarded dispersion forces can reveal a very complex behaviour in media. For this reason, considerations of retardation effects are important for medium-assisted dispersion force experiments, for example Casimir experiments [16,23,43]; medium-assisted optical tweezers [44]; colloidal systems [45]; and in future measurements of the Casimir torque in a medium [46,47]. Beyond these impacts, we have shown that the near-field effect of dispersion forces in colloidal system yields an inhomogeneous particle density distribution near interfaces due to trapping potentials.…”