Effect of ethephon application on the cellular maturity of Olea europaea L. and on the extractability of phenolic compounds in virgin olive oil

Abstract

Background:The effect of the ethephon application at fruit set and veraison on cell maturity of Olea europaea L. olives and on the extractability of phenolic compounds (PC) in virgin olive oil has been studied. Methods:The ethephon was sprayed on olive trees of the Moroccan Picholine at the fruit set stage and on other olive trees at the veraison stage at a concentration of 100 mg/L. The effect of these treatments was evaluated by the fruit yield and the determination of the period of olives growth and ripening. The extractability of the olive oil and the diffusion of the PCs in the fat as well as the embrittlement of the parietal structures are also monitored. Results and conclusions:A chemical thinning is entrained out by ethephon when applied at fruit set (16%) or veraison (12%). It also results in precocious ripening of fruits treated at fruit set (about 2 weeks) and a precocity of the harvest similar to that induced in olives treated at veraison (estimated at 6 weeks). At this stage, a significant increase in the fat accumulation (more than 26 g/100 g in the olives treated compared to 7.7 g/100 g olive pulp in the control) and quantities of extracted oils (87 and 83%, respectively, in the olives treated at fruit set and those treated at veraison compared to 70% in the control) as well as a significant improvement in the extractability of the diffusible PCs in these oils at maturity (540 and 590 mg/kg, respectively, in the treated olives at fruit set and those treated at veraison compared to 216 mg/kg in the control oil).

Ameliorative effects of Saussurea lappa root aqueous extract against Ethephon‐induced reproductive toxicity in male rats

“…It has direct and indirect effects on agriculture and industrial workers. Direct effects occur via inhalation, whereas indirect effects occur through consumption of Ethephon‐contaminated fruits and vegetable . Ethephon is used for many purposes such as increasing the resistance of cereals to lodging through straw shortening and strengthening, promoting fruits and vegetables maturity, stimulating flowering, side branching and reducing plant height in ornamentals, promoting the uniform boll opening, enhancing defoliation, and rubber to increase yield and to reduce bark consumption in cotton …”

Assessment of Bitterness Reduction on Green Olive by Using Plant Growth Regulators

“…Sensory determined color acclaim value was reported between 5.6-9.0 (0-10 point score) for green olives by Ozdemir and Kurultay [22]. Table 3: Sensory evaluation scores of olives (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9).…”

“…Exogenous ethylene fumigation accelerated the ripening of oil palm fruit, increased oil yield, and decreased the free fatty acid levels [2]. Exogenous treatment with indole-3-acetic acid on the ripening of olives reported as a significant increase in the accumulation of fat and the amounts of extracted oils and a significant improvement in the extractability of phenolic content diffusible in these oils at maturity [8].…”

Assessment toxic effects of exposure to 3-indoleacetic acid via hemato-biochemical, hormonal, and histopathological screening in rats

“…The IAA molecular formula is C 10 H 9 NO 2 , and its chemical structure is a monocarboxylic acid and one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group (Giri et al 2020). It is used commercially in wide forms, either dispersed in talc or in concentrated liquid compounds that can be diluted with water to induce more rapid plant growth, delay fruit drop, enhance root formation, and produce seedless varieties by parthenogenetic fruiting (Khan et al 2007;Serrani et al 2008;Moustakime et al 2017). A foliar application of IAA has been used to increase fruit size with consequent increase in seed yield in various crops like groundnut (Lee 1990).…”