Effect of ethanol on the antimicrobial properties of chlorhexidine over oral biofilm

Duarte, Pedro Henrique Marks; Silva, Paula Barcellos da; Rosa, Ricardo Abreu da; Montagner, Francisco; Duarte, Marco Antônio Húngaro; Kuga, Milton Carlos; Só, Marcus Vinícius Reis

doi:10.1002/jemt.22992

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Previous studies have proved that 95 % ethanol had antibacterial effects against mono-and multispecies biofilms as an endodontic irrigant [46]. In addition, ethanol can improve the sealing ability of the root canal obturation decrease the leakage as a final irrigant, and has no effect on endodontic irrigants' antimicrobial properties [47][48][49]. Our experiments also show that ethanol solutions at appropriate concentrations are not significantly cytotoxic to HDPs, indicating that ethanol is a suitable solvent for our study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Quercetin as an Auxiliary Endodontic Irrigant for Root Canal Treatment: Anti-Biofilm and Dentin Collagen-Stabilizing Effects

Liu¹,

Feng²,

Wang³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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(1) Background: Bacterial reinfection and root fracture are the main culprits related to root canal treatment failure. This study aimed to assess the utility of quercetin solution as an adjunctive endodontic irrigant that strengthen root canal dentin with commitment anti-biofilm activity and bio-safety. (2) Methods: Based on a noninvasive dentin infection model, dentin tubules infected with Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) were irrigated with sterile water (control group), and 0, 1, 2, 4 wt% quercetin-containing ethanol solutions. The live and dead bacteria proportions within E. fae-calis biofilms were analyzed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Elastic modulus and hydroxyproline release and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization was tested on irrigant-treated demineralized dentin to evaluate irrigants’ biostability. The cytotoxicity of irrigants was tested by CCK-8 assay. (3) Results: Quercetin increased the proportion of dead bacteria volumes within E. faecalis, and improved the flexural strength of dentin collagen com-pared to control group. The XPS characterization revealed an increase in C-O peak area under both C1s and O1s narrow-scan spectra. The CCK-8 assay confirmed no cytotoxicity of quercetin solutions. (4) Conclusions: Quercetin exhibited anti-biofilm activity, collagen-stabilizing effect as well as cytocompatibility, supporting quercetin as a potential candidate for endodontic irrigant.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Quercetin as an Auxiliary Endodontic Irrigant for Root Canal Treatment: Anti-Biofilm and Dentin Collagen-Stabilizing Effects

Liu¹,

Feng²,

Wang³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…The presence of 1,000 mM of ethanol inhibited the growth of oral streptococci (Figure 1), and incubating these bacteria with > 5,000 mM of ethanol for 10 min. seemed to abolish their viability (Figure 2), indicating that concentrated ethanol is bacteriostatic and bactericidal, as is well known [29,30,32] (Figure 4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…On the other hand, ethanol is widely used as a disinfectant, as it is known to have bactericidal effects; i.e. it affects bacterial proliferation and viability [28][29][30][31]. However, it is unclear whether acetaldehyde is produced from ethanol by bacteria in the presence of the high concentrations of ethanol (≥5,000 mM) used in mouthwash and disinfectants [32][33][34][35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bifacial biological effects of ethanol: acetaldehyde production by oral Streptococcus species and the antibacterial effects of ethanol against these bacteria

Tagaino

Washio

Otani

et al. 2021

Journal of Oral Microbiology

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Background:Many previous studies have focused on the acetaldehyde produced from ethanol by oral bacteria as a risk factor for oral cancer. Most of these studies involved low ethanol concentrations (ca. 10 mM), but oral bacteria are exposed to a wide range of ethanol concentrations (100-10,000 mM) when alcoholic beverages are consumed. In contrast, ethanol is widely used at high concentrations (> 5,000 mM) as an antiseptic/disinfectant, suggesting that ethanol has bifacial biological effects; i.e. it acts as both a metabolic substrate for bacterial acetaldehyde production and an antimicrobial agent. Materials and methods:We examined the acetaldehyde production from ethanol by oral streptococci and the effects of ethanol exposure on the growth and viability of these bacteria at a wide range of ethanol concentrations (10-10,000 mM). Results:Acetaldehyde production was the highest at an ethanol concentration of 2,000 mM (2.1-48-fold higher than that seen at an ethanol concentration of 10 mM). Bacterial growth was inhibited by > 1,000 mM of ethanol, and the bacteria did not seem viable in the presence of > 5,000 mM of ethanol, although they still produced acetaldehyde. Conclusion:Ethanol has bifacial biological effects, and the concentration ranges of these effects overlap.

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“…Although the ET has been recommended to remove the CSL derived from the ionic dissociation of CHX after its interaction with sodium hypochlorite, some irrigation protocols diverge at which time point the ET is used (Graziele Magro et al, 2014; Suman et al, 2015). When ET is used after the CHX, the volume of ET tends to dilute the CSL, mainly because of its polar and miscible characteristics in DW (Cecchin et al, 2011; Duarte et al, 2018; Krishnamurthy & Sudhakaran, 2010). However, in this study, the post‐space was irrigated with 95% ET before the use of CHX, favoring the formation of CSL (Magro et al, 2015; Nowicki & Sem, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ethanol (ET) is a volatile and highly electronegative surfactant with a high diffusion capacity into the dentin (Krishnamurthy & Sudhakaran, 2010). Additionally, due to its characteristic of providing surface dehydration, it can interact with other irrigating solutions and substances, having different impacts on the precipitation of residues in the dentin (Cecchin et al, 2011; Duarte et al, 2018; Kuga et al, 2013). Due to these properties, its widespread use as an irrigation solution is not yet well established (Krishnamurthy & Sudhakaran, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of irrigation protocols on chemical smear layer formation over the post‐space dentin

Zaniboni

Escalante-Otárola

Besegato

et al. 2022

Microscopy Res & Technique

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This study evaluated the effect of irrigation protocols using 95% ethanol (ET) or 1% peracetic acid (PA) prior the use of 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) compared to distilled water (DW) on the chemical smear layer (CSL) formation and incidence of open dentin tubules at the apical, medium, and cervical third of the post-space dentin. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) images were used. Forty bovine roots were endodontically treated. After, post-space preparation was performed and the roots were randomized in four groups (n = 10) according to the irrigation protocol: DW, CHX, CHX-ET and CHX-PA. The chemical composition of CSL and the incidence of open dentin tubules at the post-space thirds were evaluated by EDS (500Â magnification) and SEM (2000Â magnification) images, respectively. Data from chemical composition of CSL were descriptively analyzed, while the incidence of open dentin tubules was evaluated by scores and submitted to Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn test (p = .05). Cl, Bi, and Si were the chemical elements most found over the dentin after the irrigation with CHX and CHX-ET. Moreover, CHX and CHX-ET showed the highest incidence of CSL (p < .05), but without difference between them (p > .05), regardless of the post-space third. DW and CHX-PA showed similar incidence of CSL (p > .05). No difference on the incidence of open dentin tubules was found for any irrigation protocol and post-space third (p > .05). The use of 1% PA prior the post-space irrigation with CHX decrease the incidence of CSL. Research Highlights• The post-space irrigation with chlorhexidine results in the formation of chemical smear layer.• Ethanol is not capable to remove the chemical smear layer.• Peracetic acid is more effective to remove the chemical smear layer.

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Effect of ethanol on the antimicrobial properties of chlorhexidine over oral biofilm

Cited by 11 publications

References 24 publications

Quercetin as an Auxiliary Endodontic Irrigant for Root Canal Treatment: Anti-Biofilm and Dentin Collagen-Stabilizing Effects

Quercetin as an Auxiliary Endodontic Irrigant for Root Canal Treatment: Anti-Biofilm and Dentin Collagen-Stabilizing Effects

Bifacial biological effects of ethanol: acetaldehyde production by oral Streptococcus species and the antibacterial effects of ethanol against these bacteria

Effect of irrigation protocols on chemical smear layer formation over the post‐space dentin

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