Effect of epoxy concentrations on thermo-mechanical properties of kenaf fiber – recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate) composites

Owen, Macaulay M.; Achukwu, Emmanuel O.; Akil, Hazizan Md; Romli, Ahmad Zafir; Abidin, Mohamad Jafre Zainol; Arukalam, Innocent O.; Ishiaku, U. S.

doi:10.1177/15280837221127441

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…This was immediately followed by neutralization with 1% acetic acid and oven drying for 12 h at 70 C. Furthermore, the TKF before compounding with PET matrix, was surface coated by F I G U R E 1 (A) (i) Kenaf fiber (KF), (ii) polyethylene terephthalate (PET), (iii) coated kenaf fiber; (B) (i), (ii), and (iii) kenaf-PET (extrudates) at 240, 250, and 260 C temperatures, respectively. impregnation (immersion) in an optimized epoxy coating solution with a concentration ratio of 1:4 (epoxy: acetone) for 3 min following the already established procedures [29] to obtain the fully coated and treated kenaf fibers (CTKF). The CTKF and CKF were lastly set in an oven at 80 C curing temperature for 24 h and finally milled into short fibers with a 5 mm mesh size pulverizer.…”

Section: Sodium Hydroxide Treatment and Kf Coating With Resinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A related observation has also been reported previously. [29] F I G U R E 5 The combination of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms of plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET), kenaf-PET (KF-PET), coated kenaf-PET (CKF-PET), and coated-treated kenaf-PET (CTKF-PET) composites.…”

Section: Composites Tensile Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results conform with previous reports. [29,37] It is empirical that the coated CKF-PET composite's fracture surface morphology demonstrated a wellstructured and coherent matrix/fiber interface with reduced thermal degradation. It was found that some traces of notable weak fiber-matrix interfaces resulting from high temperature slightly above the melting temperature of PET was observed.…”

Section: Composites Morphological Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To determine the appropriate epoxy concentration for optimum fiber thermal stability and mechanical performance, different epoxy concentrations were employed to investigate its effect on the thermo‐mechanical properties of kenaf and recycled PET/kenaf composites. [ 29 ] The fibers were surface coated using varying epoxy concentrations of 1:4, 1:5, and 1:6 in acetone solutions after an initial silane treatment in which they found improved thermal and mechanical properties with epoxy coating treatment in addition to the maximum performance obtained at an optimized concentration of 1:4 epoxy solution and 10 wt% fiber loading. These achievements were, however, made using a constant processing temperature, making it necessary to determine the optimum specific processing temperature at which epoxy‐coated natural fibers could still maintain their thermal stability, and be effectively processed with engineering plastics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of high‐temperature optimization and resin coating treatment on the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of natural kenaf fiber‐filled engineering plastic composites

et al. 2023

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In this study, kenaf natural fibers were coated with acetone‐thinned epoxy resin before compounding with high‐temperature polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Thus, composites of sodium hydroxide treated and epoxy‐resin coated kenaf fibers (KF) reinforced PET (CTKF‐PET) were manufactured using extrusion and compression molding techniques at an optimized 10 wt% constant fiber loading and processing temperatures of 240, 250, and 260°C, and were characterized for mechanical, thermal, and morphological performances. The obtained results showed an optimum processing temperature of 240°C with maximum mechanical and thermal properties with good interfaces between the coated fillers and the matrix, compared to those obtained at 250 and 260°C. Thermogravimetric analysis recorded maximum onset degradation and decomposition temperatures of 338.9 and 381°C with 9.5% and 13% improvements respectively after resin coating which positively impacted the constituent coated composites compared to the uncoated KF. Differential scanning calorimetry glass transition (Tg) and melting temperatures (Tm) for the CKF‐PET composites was maximum at 119.0 and 262.8°C with 2.18% and 2.8% improvements respectively compared to uncoated composites. The overall properties of all coated kenaf‐reinforced PET (CKF‐PET) and coated‐treated (CTKF‐PET) composites were higher with improved morphological properties irrespective of the processing temperature compared to the raw kenaf (KF‐PET) composites. Hence, natural fibers can be treated with resin coating to improve the thermal stabilities of natural fiber engineering plastic composites, and the interfacial adhesion between the coated‐KF and the engineering plastic matrix. The resultant composites are suitable for high‐temperature engineering applications such as the automotive and construction industries.

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Section: Sodium Hydroxide Treatment and Kf Coating With Resinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Composites Tensile Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Composites Morphological Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of high‐temperature optimization and resin coating treatment on the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of natural kenaf fiber‐filled engineering plastic composites

et al. 2023

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“…In the untreated and extracted fibrils, a wide absorption band between 3300 and 3500 cm À1 corresponding to stretching vibrations of the free OH groups in cellulose were recorded. [52][53][54] The increase in the intensity of this band indicates an increase in cellulose content due to the removal of the lignin after chemical treatments. 55 The bands at about 2900 cm À1 belong to stretching vibration of methyl and methylene groups.…”

Section: Ftir Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical and thermal properties of recycled polyethylene/surface treated hemp fiber bio‐composites

Güney,

Bilici,

Doğan

et al. 2023

Polymer Composites

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Hemp is a good option for polyethylene additives because of its high cellulose and fibrous content. This study aims to modify natural hemp fibers with the maleic anhydride/ionic liquid method, manufacture the composites, and compare the thermal and mechanical properties of natural hemp fiber and hemp cellulose. In this study recycled polyethylene as a binder, and filling ratios between 0 and 50 (wt/wt)% are investigated as a parameter. Differential scanning calorimeter and thermomechanical analysis were performed, and it was determined that the coefficient of thermal expansion from 973 to 147 ppm/K. It was determined that the strength of composite materials obtained from cellulose fibers with maleic anhydride/liquid ionic modification improved by around 20% from 19.5 to 24.4 MPa. In addition, as a result of scanning electron microscope analyses performed on the fractured surfaces, it was determined that the pressure, temperature, and time were suitable for producing composite materials. This work shows the potential of recycled polyethylene/hemp composites as a sustainable green material with simple fabrication procedure and useful mechanical and thermal properties.

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Effect of glass fiber loading and reprocessing cycles on the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of isotactic polypropylene composites

Achukwu

Owen

Danladi

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In this study, a preliminary finding is carried out to obtain the optimum E-glass fiber content in polypropylene (PP) plastic products using loadings of 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt%. The formulation with the optimum loading of 10 wt % glass fiber was reprocessed 10 times via extrusion and compression molding techniques to simulate actual recycling and impacts on service life properties such as mechanical, toughness, chemical, thermal, composition, and morphology. In the result, mechanical properties were lost after each reprocessing without effect on the chemical properties and elemental compositions. The thermal studies showed a decrease in degradation temperatures with the onset degradation temperature (T Onset ) for the one-time reprocessed PP recorded at 336.93 C with a maximum rate of weight loss (T Max ) at 427.68 C which further reduced to 259.90 C (T Max of 388.47 C) after 10 extrusion run showing onestep decomposition patterns. This work provides that glass fiber-reinforced plastics should not be reprocessed beyond 3 times except when refreshed with the addition of virgin PP to make up for the lost property. This will be very useful for manufacturers who want to simultaneously save costs (retain profit margin) and maintain the environment.

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Effect of epoxy concentrations on thermo-mechanical properties of kenaf fiber – recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate) composites

Cited by 14 publications

References 24 publications

Effects of high‐temperature optimization and resin coating treatment on the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of natural kenaf fiber‐filled engineering plastic composites

Effects of high‐temperature optimization and resin coating treatment on the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of natural kenaf fiber‐filled engineering plastic composites

Mechanical and thermal properties of recycled polyethylene/surface treated hemp fiber bio‐composites

Effect of glass fiber loading and reprocessing cycles on the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of isotactic polypropylene composites

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