Effect of ensiling and <i>in sacco</i> digestion on the viability of seeds of selected weed species

Piltz, John; Stanton, Rex; Wu, Hanwen

doi:10.1111/wre.12269

Cited by 9 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…However, regarding the HS species the seed-killing efficacies of our silages were low compared to other long-term studies (Mayer et al, 2000;Koarai et al, 2015;Simard and Lambert-Beaudet, 2016). Instead, the killing efficacy in our experiments was more in the range of studies that ensiled HS seeds for a maximum of 3 months reducing the viability of HS species by about half on average (Woodward, 1940;Mayer et al, 2000;Stanton et al, 2012;Simard and Lambert-Beaudet, 2016;Piltz et al, 2017).…”

Section: Seed-killing Efficacy Of Ensilingcontrasting

confidence: 54%

“…The potential of ensiling to reduce plant seed viability was tested on 10 different dicotyledonous plant species. We did not study monocotyledonous species because other studies have already demonstrated that, with few exceptions, they quickly lose their viability during ensiling (e.g., Blackshaw and Rode, 1991;Lück, 2012;Koarai et al, 2015;Piltz et al, 2017). Our selection should include species that are important weeds, and species that have a high probability of entering silages and represent a wide range of different seed traits.…”

Section: Species Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is also due to the fact that there is no systematic research on seed survival in silages, yet. Many of the studies on ensiling seeds have dealt with only one weed species (Overud, 2002;van Eekeren et al, 2006;James et al, 2011;Trolove and Dowsett, 2015;Weller et al, 2016) or with only one type of silage (Mayer et al, 2000;Koarai et al, 2015;Piltz et al, 2017). In addition, both silage types and methods used to determine seed viability often differed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, both silage types and methods used to determine seed viability often differed. Therefore, the statement made in several studies that ensiling has the potential to reduce seed viability must always be related to the respective plant species and ensiling environment (e.g., Aper et al, 2014;Simard and Lambert-Beaudet, 2016;Piltz et al, 2017). Similarly, the interaction of species and ensiling environment in relation to seed viability parameters is poorly understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ensiling Reduces Seed Viability: Implications for Weed Management

2021

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Ensiling, a lactic acid fermentation process, is mainly used to preserve biomass. In addition, it has been shown to affect seed viability of some plant species. The extent to which this makes ensiling suitable as a weed control measure, however, has not yet been determined. Both the range of controllable species and the parameters of an ensiling process that safely kills seeds are still undefined. We aimed to determine the effect of varying substrate and ensiling conditions on the seed viability of 10 species selected to represent a wide range of different seed traits. Five different types of silages were made from maize or mixtures of wildflower and maize biomass and ensiled in lab-scale silos for 8 months. The pure maize silages were prepared under conditions either ideal or suboptimal for ensiling forage. Seeds of important weeds (Chenopodium album, Abutilon theophrasti) and of species from a wildflower mixture suitable for ensiling and biogas production (Cichorium intybus, Daucus carota, Echium vulgare, Malva alcea, Malva sylvestris, Melilotus albus, Melilotus officinalis) were tested. Seed viability was determined using a combination of tetrazolium and germination tests. Ensiling reduced seed viability across all 10 species significantly. Seed-killing efficacies of ensiling, however, differed widely among the species studied, largely related to whether the species could produce hard (physically dormant) seeds. Seeds from species without hardseededness were completely inactivated by ensiling, while the seed-killing efficacies for hardseeded species ranged from 5 to 60%. Variation in ensiled substrate and ensiling conditions had no consistent effect on seed survival. We concluded that ensiling has the potential to sustainably reduce seed viability of a wide range of species and therefore should be adopted as a component of integrated weed management in organic agriculture.

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Section: Seed-killing Efficacy Of Ensilingcontrasting

confidence: 54%

Section: Species Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ensiling Reduces Seed Viability: Implications for Weed Management

2021

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“…Piltz et al . () found variable results in steers when incubating weed seeds for 48 h. In many of the tested weed species, the rumen caused a reduction in viability but unexpectedly increased viability in a few seeds compared with the control. In sheep, no decrease in germination was found in the hard‐coated species Malva parviflora L. , germination being higher than 90% after 12, 24, 36 or 48 h of rumen storage (Michael et al ., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Emergence and viability of teosinte seeds (Zea mays ssp. mexicana ad int.) subjected to sheep digestion

et al. 2019

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Summary A few years ago, a new invasive weed was found in Spanish maize fields grazed by sheep after harvest and identified as a subform of teosinte (Zea mays ssp. mexicana ad int). If teosinte seeds survive digestion, then the weed could spread via sheep manure. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of this process on the emergence and viability of teosinte seeds. In an in sacco study, seeds were introduced into the rumen of fistulised wethers and extracted after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Then, seed emergence was recorded and the viability of non‐germinated seeds was analysed. In an ‘intake and in vivo’ study, lambs were kept in metabolic cages and fed for 6 days with 200 g teosinte seeds and ears. The daily faecal production was individually collected, seeds were recovered and viability was tested (15 days). In the in sacco trials, a decrease in teosinte viability was observed after remaining for 48 h or more in the rumen. In the ‘intake and in vivo’ trial, between 0.1% and 3% of the ingested seeds that were excreted were viable. Uncoated seeds that lost their exocarp during the mastication and digestion processes were less viable (18%) than intact excreted seeds (74%). The last viable and intact seeds appeared 4 and 6 days after intake respectively. In areas with teosinte infestation, sheep grazing on maize stubble should be avoided and, in case of ingestion, sheep should be kept isolated for 4–6 days to avoid the spread of this invasive weed.

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Biology of Invasive Plants 5. Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.

Tataridas

Moreira

Frazão

et al. 2023

Invasive plant sci. manag.

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The family Solanaceae lists about 1,400 species worldwide, of which 143 are considered weeds (Sheppard et al. 2006). The genus Solanum is the most numerous of the family Solanaceae. Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. belongs to the clade Leptostemonum, commonly known as the “spiny solanum” clade. Solanum elaeagnifolium is native to northern Mexico and the American Southwest. A revision for the S. elaeagnifolium clade and analytic phytokeys are provided by Knapp et al. (2017). The silvery color of its leaves and their resemblance to the leaves of the olive tree (Elaeagnus) were the reasons for naming the species elaeagnifolium (Heap and Carter 1999). Nowadays, it is commonly known as silverleaf nightshade (Boyd et al. 1984). According to Krigas et al. (2021), in northern Greece S. elaeagnifolium is also called “Lernaean Hydra,” due to its intense regrowth after herbicide treatment. Solanum elaeagnifolium is known in South Africa as silverleaf bitter apple or Satansbos (Satan’s bush), indicating how harmful it is to the country (Wilson et al. 2013). In America and other parts of the world, it has received various names over the years, such as white horsenettle, bullnettle, tomatillo, meloncillo, and trompillo (Davis et al. 1945; Kwong et al. 2006). In Algeria, farmers call it echouka, which means thorn, because of the multiple spines on the stem (Adjim and Kazi Tani 2018). In South Korea, it received the name Eun-bit-kka-ma-jung, which is a combination of its silvery coloration and a common plant in the country (Hong et al. 2014).

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Effect of ensiling and in sacco digestion on the viability of seeds of selected weed species

Cited by 9 publications

References 21 publications

Ensiling Reduces Seed Viability: Implications for Weed Management

Ensiling Reduces Seed Viability: Implications for Weed Management

Emergence and viability of teosinte seeds (Zea mays ssp. mexicana ad int.) subjected to sheep digestion

Biology of Invasive Plants 5. Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.

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