Effect of electrolyte concentration on microstructure and properties of micro arc oxidized hydroxyapatite/titania nanostructured composite

Surface characterization and corrosion behavior of calcium phosphate-base composite layer on titanium and its alloys via plasma electrolytic oxidation: A review paper

“…According to another study, an increased amount of β-glycerol phosphate can reduce the density of pores among the created layer [33].…”

“…characteristics [33][34][35][36][37].The plasma discharges cause high temperature adaptations of the coated layer by converting it into crystalline phases, which haves a higher hardness strength.…”

“…Most of the studies suspend Ti in the electrolytes, which contain calcium acetate and glycerophosphate or β-glycerophosphate to fabricate a bioceramic film such as HA and CA [33,[38][39][40][41][42]. Some studies have substituted the calcium acetate with calcium chloride [43] and trisodium phosphate [44].…”

“…Based on a previous study, HA has been stabilized inside the aqueous electrolyte and water system at pH value of 4.2 and 6.0, respectively [33,41]. HA may also be considered in the appropriate section of the layer by fabrication via PEO with the effect of the ultra-fine scattering [54][55][56][57][58].…”

Review of the biocompatibility of micro-arc oxidation coated titanium alloys

“…Biological trials use different cell lines, mostly, mesenchymal stem cell [48,49], MG63 osteoblast cells [50,51], mouse osteoblast cell line [52], NIH-3T3 murinefibroblast cell [38], and human CCD-18Co fibroblasts cell lines [53]. Cell viability is quantitatively analyzed via dimethylthiazol-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay [19,54,55], which has been widely used for appraising cytotoxicity and proliferation. Cell proliferation is commonly observed by using a fluorescent microscope [56].…”