Effect of electrical poling on the structural, vibrational, and electrical properties of 0.94(Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3) -(0.06-x) CaTiO3-x (BaTiO3) lead-free ceramics

Understanding the depolarization phenomena in (1−x) Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3. (x) Ba0.85Ca0.15Ti0.90Zr0.10O3 solid solutions using in-situ temperature dependent Raman spectroscopy

“…A ferroelectric (P-E) loop tracer instrument (M/s) Radiant Instruments, USA) was used to investigate the ferroelectric properties of the same pellets for the 323-448 K temperature range. The depolarization phenomenon has been studied by recording the changes of current through the samples in capacitance mode due to a negligible voltage bias of 0.1 µV [25]. The voltage and the current were applied and recorded by a Keithley 2450 source meter.…”

“…Hence, small changes in the bond strength arising out of changes in the composition, strain, or changes in the equilibrium conditions can be investigated through this sensitive method. It is well known that the poling of ceramics affects the structure in terms of bond lengths, angles, and octahedral tilt due to the establishment of long-range ordering [22,24,25,34]. Thermal depolarization is associated with the loss of polarization in the material.…”