Effect of Eight-Weeks Aerobic Training on Serum Levels of Nitric Oxide and Endothelin-1 in Overweight Elderly Men

Abstract

Objectives Different physical activities can play an important role in improving health and cardiovascular fitness. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of high-intensity interval aerobic training on certain cardiovascular risk factors in overweight elderly men. Methods & MaterialsIn this semi-experimental study, 24 overweight elderly men were selected by convenience sampling. They were then randomly assigned into two groups based on their body mass index (BMI). The age range in the experimental group was 73.50±3.34 years (n=12) and that in control group was 71.33±3.44 years (n=12). The experimental group underwent high-intensity interval aerobic training that included 3 sessions (each of 45-60 minutes) a week for eight weeks. The control group was given no intervention. Blood samples of all the subjects were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. All tests were two-tailed, and P<0.05 was considered significant. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 16.0, SPSS). For comparison of means within and between the groups, paired and independent t-tests were used, respectively. Results The weight, BMI, and body fat percentage were found to have significantly decreased in overweight men after high-intensity interval aerobic training (P<0.05). Moreover, the levels of serum endothelin-1 reduced significantly after eight weeks of aerobic training. However, the levels of nitric oxide increased significantly at the end of the training period. Conclusion This result suggests that eight weeks of high-intensity interval aerobic training led to decreased endothelin-1 serum and increased nitric oxide levels. This is effective in improving cardiovascular health and reducing the risk of atherosclerosis. Therefore, it is suggested that high-intensity interval aerobic training be used to prevent the adverse effects of an increased incidence of atherosclerosis.

The Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Oxidative Stress in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Then, 181 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility according to the inclusion criteria. Finally, 20 studies involving 1,170 older adults were included in the meta-analysis (Shi et al, 1995;Liu et al, 1996;Yao et al, 2001;Fatouros et al, 2004;Sha, 2007;Zhu et al, 2008;Cetin et al, 2010;Liu and Jin, 2010;He et al, 2011;Xie and Bai, 2014;Zhen et al, 2014;Groussard et al, 2015;Wang et al, 2015;Xiong and Feng, 2015;Yang et al, 2015;Alghadir et al, 2016;Ma et al, 2017;Mohammadi et al, 2018;Hejazi et al, 2019;Osali, 2020).…”

“…The types of aerobic exercise used in the experimental group were diverse, most of which were walking (Shi et al, 1995;Cetin et al, 2010;Xiong and Feng, 2015) or combined walking with jogging (Fatouros et al, 2004;Ma et al, 2017;Osali, 2020), jogging (Shi et al, 1995), cycling (Groussard et al, 2015;Yang et al, 2015;Alghadir et al, 2016), Tai Chi (Shi et al, 1995;Liu et al, 1996;Sha, 2007;Xie and Bai, 2014), Baduanjin (He et al, 2011;Zhen et al, 2014;Wang et al, 2015), Wu Qin Xi (Zhu et al, 2008), and Yi Jinjing (Liu and Jin, 2010). Three studies did not describe specific exercise programs (Yao et al, 2001;Mohammadi et al, 2018;Hejazi et al, 2019). The frequency of exercise intervention was between 35 and 60 min per session with 3-7 sessions per week for 4 weeks to 3 years.…”

“…The frequency of exercise intervention was between 35 and 60 min per session with 3-7 sessions per week for 4 weeks to 3 years. Exercise intensity was controlled at 40-80% of the stored maximum heart rate (Shi et al, 1995;Yao et al, 2001;Fatouros et al, 2004;Cetin et al, 2010;Liu and Jin, 2010;Xie and Bai, 2014;Groussard et al, 2015;Yang et al, 2015;Alghadir et al, 2016;Ma et al, 2017;Mohammadi et al, 2018;Hejazi et al, 2019;Osali, 2020), two articles described it as "medium intensity" (Zhu et al, 2008;He et al, 2011), and five articles did not mention exercise intensity (Liu et al, 1996;Sha, 2007;Zhen et al, 2014;Wang et al, 2015;Xiong and Feng, 2015). All controls were set to no specific exercise intervention or the same conventional treatment as the experimental group.…”

“…A total of 62.4% of the studies did not adequately describe the randomized method, and only three of them described the method of randomization sequence generation by using random number tables (Sha, 2007;Zhen et al, 2014;Ma et al, 2017). Three studies explicitly reported allocation concealment (Zhen et al, 2014;Mohammadi et al, 2018;Osali, 2020). One study had a dropout rate of more than 20% (Cetin et al, 2010), and the other three did not mention missing data (Yao et al, 2001;He et al, 2011;Xie and Bai, 2014); thus, they were rated as high risk in the bias due to missing outcome data.…”

Effect of Eight Weeks of Aerobic Interval Training on the Serum Concentrations of Alkaline Phosphatase, Osteocalcin and Parathyroid Hormone in Middle-aged Men

“…The pattern of the intense periodic exercise was as follows: in the first week, three times of 4 -minute execution with 90% heartbeat reserve with 2 minutes of active recovery; the second week, 4 times of 4 minute execution with 90% intensity of heartbeat reserve with 2 minutes active recovery, the third week, five times of 4-minute run with 90% heart rate reserve with 2 minutes active recovery, the fourth week, six times of 4-minute execution with 90% heart rate reserve with 2 minutes active recovery, the fifth week, seven times of 4-minute implementation with 90% heart rate reserve with 2 minutes active recovery, the sixth week, eight-time of 4 -minute execution with 90% heart rate reserve with 2 minutes active recovery, the seventh week, six times of 4-minute execution with 90% heart rate reserve with 2 minutes active recovery, and the eighth week, five times of 4-minute execution with 90% heart rate reserve with 2 minutes active recovery. The exercise was controlled by a heartbeat monitor (Polar, Finland) (23,24). The control group was inactive and performed no exercise training during the study.…”