“…Pazzano et al () also showed that the flow perfusion was able to maintain the pH gradient throughout the scaffold leading to increased DNA content. However, other researchers found that the flow perfusion led to downregulation of SOX9, GAG, and collagen II expressions, indicating reduced chondrogenic and increased osteogenic differentiation (Guo et al, ; Kock, Malda, Dhert, Ito, & Gawlitta, ; Mizuno, Allemann, & Glowacki, ). The discrepancy can be caused by the higher flow rate used in those studies (0.33, 1, and1.22 ml/min), which led to increased FSS on the cells.…”