“…Experiments and simulation studies of PRO performance, using pilot-scale PRO HF modules under various operational conditions, have also been performed [ 35 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ]. In previous studies [ 35 , 43 ], the module performance with volumetric-based power outputs, as well as membrane-area-based power density, was investigated, to compare the PRO performance between the two different module configurations. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, there have been no studies on systematic PRO performance evaluation of pilot-scale SW and HF membrane modules based on experimental data under the same operating conditions, to compare the PRO performance between SW and HF configurations.…”