Effect of drying method on agglomeration degree of crystalline products

Discrimination between Single Crystals and Agglomerates during the Crystallization Process

“…In previous works , , , the classifier generated was employed to classify final crystalline product batches. For classification of data where the crystal sizes change significantly during the whole crystallization run, it needs to be ensured that the classifier's accuracy is similar for all j size fractions of the PSD.…”

“…Up to this point, several authors , , used discriminant factorial analysis for particle classification while Heisel et al found that artificial neural networks (ANNs) are a more promising way for particle classification in direct comparison to discriminant factorial analysis. Common to all these authors, the accuracy of the generated separation function (classifier) has not been investigated with respect to size dependency of the classified particles, even though some authors mentioned to specifically use dimensionless image descriptors only , .…”

“…The authors believe that for an enhanced product design a holistic approach is necessary, including optimization of both the crystallization process itself as well as the downstream processing (filtration, washing, drying). Previous works investigated the influence of the downstream parameters on solids with a low tendency to agglomerate during the crystallization process itself ( L ‐alanine/water) , while focusing on which particle sizes exactly are involved in the agglomeration process. For solids with a high tendency to agglomerate during crystallization, here adipic acid/water, control of the crystallization process itself needs to be regarded intently.…”

“…Offline measurements are easier to obtain and the problem of pseudoagglomerates can be avoided by fine dispersion but the sample preparation itself is not only time‐consuming but might affect the sample quality as well , , , , . Online measurements using a measurement cell require a sampling loop while the disadvantages of clogging, heat loss, and control of particle density within the measurement cell need to be addressed , .…”

Understanding effect of filtration and washing on dried product: Paracetamol case study

“…for agglomerated material) limits drying kinetics during the falling-rate period. 9,[41][42][43][44] Moreover, PSD also affects heat transfer: as a composite particle (agglomerate) dries, the outer layers insulate the core shielding it from further heat propagation. It also forms a diffusion barrier.…”