“…Two block conformations were used, either 3 × 2, or 6 × 1 as dictated by the forest block shape. Traps were suspended on metal hooks from branches on live trees, 5-6 m above the ground (an optimal height found by Sukovata et al (2020)), using an adapted telescopic pole (folded length -1.1 m, extended length -5 m) (Paradox Company, Krakow, Poland).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The sticky insert represented the killing surface in the delta traps, and no killing agents/surfaces were used in the G_trap. All traps were baited with vial dispensers, found to be the most effective (Sukovata et al ., 2020), loaded with the lure Dendrodor (Chemipan R&D Laboratories, Warsaw, Poland) containing D. pini pheromone (Bestmann et al ., 1982; Priesner et al ., 1984; Kovalev et al ., 1993).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The approved method used by the United States Department of Agriculture pest detection programmes (Cooperative Agricultural Pest Surveys) previously used a wing trap but was recently changed to a modified milk carton trap (Hartmann et al, 2018). Likewise, other nonsticky trap types (Unitraps and cross-vane traps) were suggested for D. pini monitoring by Sukovata et al (2020). In contrast, the delta sticky trap type was favoured in a Scottish study of D. pini (Moore et al, 2017), and sticky wing traps have been used in China for monitoring D. punctatus (Wolker) (Zhang et al, 2003).…”
Section: Effect Of Trap Type On the Catches Of D Pinimentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Pheromone‐baited traps are one of the tools often used for monitoring different insect species. Recent studies showed that both cross‐vane (IBL‐5) and bucket‐type (Unitrap) traps, hung at either 1.5 or 5–6 m above the ground, and baited with polyethylene vial lures impregnated with the sex pheromone are the most effective at catching D. pini males (Sukovata et al ., 2020). However, the range of trap types tested in the above study was limited, and there was no assessment of the importance and type of insect‐killing agent used within the trap.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition, the cross‐vane IBL‐5 trap used in Sukovata et al . (2020) is more difficult to assemble than the Unitrap, so we chose the vaned Unitrap instead, assuming it would be a good representative of the cross‐vane IBL‐5 trap, despite having smaller vanes. Therefore, the trials reported here attempt to clarify the impact of trap type and colour and the presence of capture liquid on D. pini capture rates to improve capture efficiency and future monitoring surveys.…”
Dendrolimus pini can be a serious defoliator of pine trees in some European countries. The monitoring of this insect is important, but no single standardized capture technique exists for monitoring purposes. 2 A range of insect trap types (delta sticky, G-trap, Unitrap and cross-vane Unitrap), colours (green, red and white delta traps and yellow and green cross-vane Unitraps) and types of capture liquid (glycol and salt solutions) were tested to determine the most effective trap for D. pini monitoring. Trap colour (yellow and green) was also tested for beneficial Hymenoptera and Diptera. 3 The Unitraps and cross-vane Unitraps were the most effective trap types, but the latter trap that contained glycol solution was less effective than a dry trap. 4 Trap colour did not have any effect on the catches of D. pini, but yellow Unitraps captured more Diptera (Phoridae and Tachinidae) and Hymenoptera (Pteromalidae, Ceraphronidae and Braconidae) than green traps. In contrast, the egg parasitoid Telenomus tetratomus preferred green traps. Overall catches of beneficial insects were relatively low, except Phoridae. 5 The Unitraps are recommended for the efficient monitoring of D. pini unless other factors such as trap cost or remote monitoring locations justify the use of other traps.
“…Two block conformations were used, either 3 × 2, or 6 × 1 as dictated by the forest block shape. Traps were suspended on metal hooks from branches on live trees, 5-6 m above the ground (an optimal height found by Sukovata et al (2020)), using an adapted telescopic pole (folded length -1.1 m, extended length -5 m) (Paradox Company, Krakow, Poland).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The sticky insert represented the killing surface in the delta traps, and no killing agents/surfaces were used in the G_trap. All traps were baited with vial dispensers, found to be the most effective (Sukovata et al ., 2020), loaded with the lure Dendrodor (Chemipan R&D Laboratories, Warsaw, Poland) containing D. pini pheromone (Bestmann et al ., 1982; Priesner et al ., 1984; Kovalev et al ., 1993).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The approved method used by the United States Department of Agriculture pest detection programmes (Cooperative Agricultural Pest Surveys) previously used a wing trap but was recently changed to a modified milk carton trap (Hartmann et al, 2018). Likewise, other nonsticky trap types (Unitraps and cross-vane traps) were suggested for D. pini monitoring by Sukovata et al (2020). In contrast, the delta sticky trap type was favoured in a Scottish study of D. pini (Moore et al, 2017), and sticky wing traps have been used in China for monitoring D. punctatus (Wolker) (Zhang et al, 2003).…”
Section: Effect Of Trap Type On the Catches Of D Pinimentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Pheromone‐baited traps are one of the tools often used for monitoring different insect species. Recent studies showed that both cross‐vane (IBL‐5) and bucket‐type (Unitrap) traps, hung at either 1.5 or 5–6 m above the ground, and baited with polyethylene vial lures impregnated with the sex pheromone are the most effective at catching D. pini males (Sukovata et al ., 2020). However, the range of trap types tested in the above study was limited, and there was no assessment of the importance and type of insect‐killing agent used within the trap.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition, the cross‐vane IBL‐5 trap used in Sukovata et al . (2020) is more difficult to assemble than the Unitrap, so we chose the vaned Unitrap instead, assuming it would be a good representative of the cross‐vane IBL‐5 trap, despite having smaller vanes. Therefore, the trials reported here attempt to clarify the impact of trap type and colour and the presence of capture liquid on D. pini capture rates to improve capture efficiency and future monitoring surveys.…”
Dendrolimus pini can be a serious defoliator of pine trees in some European countries. The monitoring of this insect is important, but no single standardized capture technique exists for monitoring purposes. 2 A range of insect trap types (delta sticky, G-trap, Unitrap and cross-vane Unitrap), colours (green, red and white delta traps and yellow and green cross-vane Unitraps) and types of capture liquid (glycol and salt solutions) were tested to determine the most effective trap for D. pini monitoring. Trap colour (yellow and green) was also tested for beneficial Hymenoptera and Diptera. 3 The Unitraps and cross-vane Unitraps were the most effective trap types, but the latter trap that contained glycol solution was less effective than a dry trap. 4 Trap colour did not have any effect on the catches of D. pini, but yellow Unitraps captured more Diptera (Phoridae and Tachinidae) and Hymenoptera (Pteromalidae, Ceraphronidae and Braconidae) than green traps. In contrast, the egg parasitoid Telenomus tetratomus preferred green traps. Overall catches of beneficial insects were relatively low, except Phoridae. 5 The Unitraps are recommended for the efficient monitoring of D. pini unless other factors such as trap cost or remote monitoring locations justify the use of other traps.
Ips acuminatus (the sharp-toothed bark beetle, STBB) is currently considered to be one of the most serious pests of Scots pine in many European countries. STBB management is among the most challenging tasks in pine forests; the development of methods for monitoring, predicting and managing outbreaks of this bark beetle is therefore crucial. 2 Pheromone-baited traps have been widely recommended as a valuable tool for the monitoring and mass trapping of bark beetles. Although different suppliers offer a variety of STBB lures, their effectiveness has rarely, if ever, been evaluated under natural conditions. 3 We evaluated the attractiveness of three commercially available and five experimental synthetic lures by comparing the numbers of STBBs captured in white, six-funnel traps. The studies were conducted in 2017-2019 in Poland, in Scots pine-dominated forests affected by STBB outbreaks. 4 Our study demonstrated significant differences in the effectiveness of the lures.The experimental lure produced by the Witasek company (Austria) and the recently marketed lure Acumodor Micro from Chemipan (Poland) were the most attractive to STBB. Among the least effective were two commercial lures (Acuwit and Acumodor), hitherto used in Central Europe. 5 The results will be useful in developing methods for the monitoring and management of STBB populations.
Research highlights: The pine-tree lappet moth, Dendrolimus pini, can cause serious needle defoliation on pines with outbreaks occurring over large geographical areas. Under laboratory conditions, the promising potential of the naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana was tested against D. pini larvae as a biological control method. Background and objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the most effective concentration and treatment dose of B. bassiana conidial suspension and how it affected the survival and feeding behavior of the pest. Materials and methods: The first experiment applied the fungal suspension directly on the back of selected larvae, and in the second experiment, sporulating cadavers obtained in the first experiment were placed into Petri dishes with healthy individuals. Different doses per larvae [µL] and spore suspension concentration [spores/µL]) were used. The second experiment was designed to investigate the horizontal transmission of fungi by exposing individual caterpillars to a cadaver covered in B. bassiana mycelia. Mortality rates were analyzed by Chi-squared tests using absolute values for total mortality and B. bassiana- attributed mortality. The lethal time and feeding-disruption speed were analyzed with parametric and non-parametric tests with the aim to determine whether statistically significant differences were observed between treatments. Results: Analysis of lethal time revealed that the 20 µL dose and 7.9 × 104 concentration yielded highest mortality, but also the average dieback rate of 9.4 days was significantly faster compared to all other treatments. In order to see whether insects stopped feeding after infection with B. bassiana, larvae weight loss was examined. Results showed that effective treatments induced change in the feeding behavior of infected larvae. The feeding disruption caused by the 20 µL treatment occurred on average 5.5 days after exposure or 3.9 days before the final dieback of larvae.
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