Effect of different levels of essential oils (Satureja hortensis) in diet on improvement growth, blood biochemical and immunity of Angelfish (Pterophyllum scalareSchultze, 1823)

Abstract

The aim of this study was designed to analyse the effect of Savoury essential oil (Satureja hortensis) on growth performance, biochemical parameters and immunity of angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare). The angelfishes (average body weight of 5.12 ± 0.01 g) were treated with three effective dosage of Savoury essential oil 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg in three separated aquaria water with one control group for 60 days. At the end of experiment, the angelfishes treated with 400 mg/kg Satureja showed minimum Feed Conversion Ratio, maximum Specific Growth Rate and Survival Rate. There was significant difference (p < 0.05) between the treated and control fish in the serum total protein, albumin, globulin, triglyceride, cholesterol, glucose and cortisol. Maximum significant amount (p < 0.05) in immunoglobulin is found in both 200 and 400 mg/kg Savoury concentration group, while significant enhancement in serum lysozyme was only found in 200 mg/kg group. Overall, the results presented in the current study revealed that savoury is a beneficial dietary supplement to improve growth performance, stress resistance and innate immune response of angelfish and the best level of inclusion was 200 mg/kg.

Much More Than a Pleasant Scent: A Review on Essential Oils Supporting the Immune System

“…Carum copticum (bishop's weed) seeds EO compounds: α-pinene and carvacrol [34] Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus) [23,24] Eugenia caryophyllata [35] Massoia aromatica bark EO and massoialactone [36,37] Melaleuca viridiflora (niaouli) [38] orange EO, and its components: Limonene, linalool, and citral [39] Panax ginseng (ginseng) [40] Salvia officinalis (sage) [41] Syzygium aromaticum (clove) [41] Zanthoxylum rhoifolium [42] Zingiber officinale (ginger) [41] Dietary Supplementation for Livestock and Fish a blend of thyme (Thymus vulgaris), peppermint (Mentha piperita), and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) [43] a blend of thymol and carvacrol [44] a blend of thymol and cinnamaldehyde [45][46][47][48] Allium sativum (garlic) [49] Ducrosia anethifolia [50] Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus) [51] Juniperus communis (juniper) [49] Ocimum americanum (American basil) [52] Origanum onites [53] Origanum vulgare (oregano) [54] Satureja hortensis (savoury) [55] Thymus vulgaris (thyme) [56] Human Studies a blend of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), cypress (Cupressus sempervirens), and sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana) [57] a blend of orange sweet (Citrus sinensis), true lavender, and marjoram sweet (Origanum majorana) [58] a blend of sweet orange (Citrus aurantium), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), and sandalwood (Santalum album) [59] Chamaecyparis obtusa (hinoki cypress) [60] Citrus fragrance (lemon oil+orange oil+bergamot oil+cis-4-hexenol) [61] ginger EO [62] grapefruit, fennel, pepper, lavender, patchouli, and rose [63] La...…”

“…Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) EO supplementation increased IgA concentration in duodenal mucosa, and stimulated the phagocytic activity of blood polymorphonuclear cells of broiler chickens [56]. Savoury (Satureja hortensis) EO dietary supplementation in certain concentrations significantly increased serum total immunoglobulin and serum lysozyme activities in angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) compared to the control group [55]. Dietary supplementation of equal levels of thymol and carvacrol to juvenile hybrid tilapia fish (female Oreochromis niloticus × male Oreochromis aureus) enhanced the phagocytic activity of head kidney macrophages and the plasma lysozyme activity [44].…”