Effect of different D-amino acids on biofilm formation of mixed microorganisms

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the effects of D-tyrosine, D-aspartic acid, D-tryptophan and D-leucine on biofilm formation of mixed microorganisms. Results showed that, in the attachment stage, D-amino acids caused significant reduction in adhesion efficiency of mixed microorganisms to membrane surface. Moreover, D-amino acids have a promoting effect on the reversible adhesion of mixed microorganisms. The addition of D-amino acid generally inhibited the biofilm biomass, of which D-tyrosine has the best inhibition effect. With the effect of D-tyrosine, D-aspartic acid, D-tryptophan and D-leucine, the protein in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) decreased by 8.21%, 7.65%, 3.51% and 11.31%, respectively. The carbohydrates in EPS decreased by 29.53%, 21.44%, 14.60% and 10.54%, respectively. The results of excitation-emission matrix spectra (EEMs) suggested that the structural properties of the tyrosine-like proteins, tryptophan-like protein and humic-like acid might have changed by the D-amino acids.

Promising applications of D-amino acids in periprosthetic joint infection

“…The effect was greatest against B. subtilis; however, the mechanism of action remains elusive and is considered unrelated to bacterial hydrophobicity or surface charge. Su et al, 172 using an "activated sludge" containing many kinds of bacteria and protozoa, demonstrated that D-Tyr, D-Asp, D-Trp, and D-Leu independently led to a significant reduction in cell adhesion efficiency while also increasing desorption efficiency to a flat membrane surface composed of polyvinylidene fluoride. Xu and Liu 173 also reported the significant surface inhibitory effects of D-Tyr on activated sludge adhesion when investigated on glass and polypropylene slides.…”

“…• Peptidoglycan component 68,121 • Modulation of peptidoglycan structure and synthesis 215 • Anti-germination properties to bacterial spores 136 • Provides cell wall resistance to protease activity 68,121 • Hypothesized role in nociception in bone cancer 308 • High levels associated with diseases of aging, primarily deposits in bone, skin, arteries, and lenses • Potential anticancer properties through the induction of cytotoxic H 2 O 2 synthesis of D-AA oxidase 309 • Association of high levels with gastric cancer 305,306 • Association of high levels with kidney disease and impaired renal function 313,314 D-Arginine • Modulation of bacterial virulence 174 • Eukaryotic cell protection from cell death in bacterial infections 174 D-Aspartic Acid • Protection from bactericidal agents (e.g., vancomycin) as a terminal residue of stem peptides 108,112,[124][125][126][127] • Inhibition of bacterial adhesion to abiotic surfaces 172 • Inhibition of biofilm formation 198,229 • Inhibition of planktonic MRSA growth 198 • Inhibition of metabolic activity 198 • Inhibition of bacterial growth 229 • D-Asp-NMDA receptor expression associated with osteoblast and osteoclast activity in vitro 300 • Regulation of collagen type I, osteocalcin, and alkaline phosphatase levels in osteoblasts 301 Increased levels in Paget's disease and osteoporosis 302 • Hypothesized association with oxidative stress and aging disorders, with deposits mainly found in bone, skin, arteries, and lenses 299 • Neurotransmission 297…”

“…Modulates osteoblast maturation and osteoclastogenesis in bone 295,296 • Neurotransmission. Regulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activity 286 • Association with Alzheimer's disease [290][291][292] • Association with cataracts 304 • Association of high levels with kidney disease and impaired renal function 313,314 D-Tryptophan • Host immune evasion 150 • Inhibition of bacterial adhesion to abiotic surfaces 172 • Inhibition of biofilm formation 118,174,194,263 • Biofilm disassembly 194,197,245 • Inhibition of bacterial growth 118,174 • Modulation of bacterial virulence 174 • Promotion of bacterial motility (swimming and twitching) 263 • Inhibition of bacterial adhesion to eukaryotic cells 174 • Increased bone density, volume, trabecular thickness, and reduced osteoclastic activity in vivo 196 • Reduced S. aureus-induced abnormal bone remodeling 196 • No adverse bone tissue response in a rat segmental defect model in vivo 194 • Eukaryotic cell protection from cell death in bacterial infections 174…”

“…• Inhibition of biofilm formation 118,169,171 • Biofilm disassembly 169,245 • Inhibition of bacterial adhesion to abiotic surfaces [170][171][172][173] • Increased surface detachment of biofilm 171 • Inhibition of bacterial growth 118 • Modulates peptidoglycan synthesis and strength 319 reported that 250-500 μmol•L −1 of a D-Pro/D-Tyr/D-Phe mixture reduced bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem (BMSC) cell viability and alkaline phosphatase expression. Furthermore, Brandenberg et al 263 reported no toxicity of Land D-Trp equimolar mixtures to HaCaT cells at concentrations between 1 and 10 mmol•L −1 , concentrations where P. aeruginosa biofilm was effectively inhibited.…”

A fast and efficient liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for measuring l‐ and d‐amino acids in the urine of patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy

“…In addition, research has revealed that Cys has the potential to influence gut flora, possibly impacting the production of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S; Hsu et al, 2022). Moreover, various d ‐amino acids have been found to restrict the growth of microbial biofilms, with d ‐tryptophan being identified as the most effective among them (Su et al, 2022). d ‐Aspartic acid is associated with the production of bodily hormones (Melville et al, 2017) and has been found to suppress inflammation by inhibiting cellular pyroptosis (Du et al, 2022).…”