“…To overcome this, considerable research was made to explore alternative CE materials. To replace the expensive platinum CE, various alternatives such as carbon materials, [15][16][17][18][19] conducting polymers such as polyaniline (PANI), [20][21][22] poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), [23,24] poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PE-DOT:PSS) [25][26][27][28][29][30] and polypyrrole (PPy) [31][32][33][34][35] and inorganic materials including transition metal sulfides, [36][37][38][39][40] nitrides [41,42] and carbides [43,44] have been successfully employed as a CEs in DSSCs.…”