Effect of different bone marrow stimulation techniques (BSTs) on MSCs mobilization

Abstract

The therapeutic effect of bone marrow stimulation techniques (BSTs) is mainly attributed to the role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from the bone marrow. However, no studies have directly shown the amount of MSCs drained by BSTs. This study hypothesized that differences in the opening of subchondral bone affect the number of MSCs drained from the bone marrow. We purposed that as the exposed area and hole size of BSTs vary, the number of MSCs drained out was measured. Three groups of different BSTs were designed that have variations in the sizes of total exposed area and individual holes. Three different BSTs using a curette, 1.5-and 0.8-mm awls were carried out on the full-thickness femoral cartilage defect of young rabbits. After BST, the number of MSCs in the blood clot was measured by CFU-Fs assay. As the size of the total exposed area increased, so did the number of MSCs obtained. The number of MSCs drained from bone marrow may vary depending on different BSTs and this could affect therapeutic efficacy of cartilage defect. As current microfracture (MF) method cannot drain the most MSCs clinically, more improved surgery technique is needed. ß

Chondrogenic Regeneration Using Bone Marrow Clots and a Porous Polycaprolactone-Hydroxyapatite Scaffold by Three-Dimensional Printing

“…21,31 Multiple studies have been conducted to improve its biological performance using rather complicated and expensive techniques, including surface coating, scaffold etching, and microstructure adjusting, which may ease the cell adhesion but simultaneously decrease the mechanical strength. 31,32 Other attempts aimed to deliver heterologous cells and biologically active molecules into a 3D porous scaffold to build a hybrid scaffold. However, this may encounter crucial barriers in therapeutic translation, such as immunological rejection, pathogen transmission, potential tumorigenesis, and incompatibility with normal tissue.…”

“…In this study, the average 0.9 -0.3 · 10 5 stem cells were loaded in each MC-PCL-HA scaffold. 32 These scaffolds were cultured in L-DMEM medium for 4 days, with the medium changed every 1-2 days until clear. Then, the MC-PCL-HA scaffolds were cultured in chondrogenic medium containing high-glucose DMEM, 10% FBS, 1% penicillin-streptomycin, 37.5 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate, 40 mg/mL L-proline, 100 mg/mL sodium pyruvate, 6.25 mg/mL of recombinant human insulin, 6.25 mg/ mL transferrin, 6.25 mg/mL selenous acid, 5.33 mg/mL linoleic acid, 10 ng/mL transforming growth factor-beta 3 (TGFb3), and 100 nM dexamethasone (Pepro Tech) for 28 days in vitro, and then implanted in the dorsal subcutaneous tissue of nude mice for an additional 28 days.…”

“…[31][32][33] In brief, 3D PCL-HA porous scaffolds were designed by computer-aided design (CAD) in Geomagic studio 11.0 software. The structural parameters of the scaffolds were designed 8 mm in diameter, 1.5 mm in thickness, 100% pore interconnectivity, 700 mm fiber diameter with 0°/90°laydown pattern, 700 mm pore size, and 56% scaffold porosity.…”

“…We selected PCL-HA in accordance with a previous finding of cell adhesion and osteochondral histogenesis using the same materials. [30][31][32] The biomechanical strength and cartilage differentiation performance of the MC-PCL-HA scaffold, cultured in vitro and implanted in vivo, were examined to evaluate its suitability in cartilage regeneration.…”

Osteochondrose des Talus

“…Nach Einwanderung mesenchymaler Stammzellen in die Defektzonen differenzieren diese in knorpelähnliche Zellen und bilden fibrokartilaginäres Ersatzgewebe mit z. T. erhöhter Kollagen-Typ-II-Expression als Antwort auf die erhöhte Wachstumsfaktorkonzentration vor Ort [12,13]. Zwischen den einzelnen Mikrofrakturierungen sollte ein Abstand von 3-4 mm eingehalten werden, hierdurch kann ein Brechen der kleinen Knochenbrücken vermieden werden, auch wenn eine größe-re Anzahl an Knochenlöchern eine vermehrte Einwanderung mesenchymaler Stammzellen bedeutet [30]. Zudem sollten die Bohrer oder Aale so weit in den Knochen getrieben werden, dass die subchondrale Lamelle sicher durchbrochen ist, 3 mm sind häufig ausreichend [46].…”