Effect of dietary organic microminerals on starter pig performance, tissue mineral concentrations, and liver and plasma enzyme activities123

Abstract

Weanling pigs (n = 160) were used to evaluate dietary essential microminerals (Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, and Zn) on performance, tissue minerals, and liver and plasma enzymatic activities during a 35-d postweaning period. A randomized complete block design with 5 treatments and 8 replicates was used in this study. Organic microminerals were added to complex nursery diets at 0 (basal), 50, 100, or 150% of the requirements of microminerals listed by the 1998 NRC. A fifth treatment contained inorganic microminerals at 100% NRC and served as the positive control. Pigs were bled at intervals with hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), glutathione peroxidase, and ceruloplasmin activities determined. Six pigs at weaning and 1 pig per pen at d 35 were killed, and the liver, heart, loin, kidney, pancreas, and the frontal lobe of the brain were collected for micromineral analysis. The liver was frozen in liquid N for determination of enzymatic activities. The analyzed innate microminerals in the basal diet met the NRC requirement for Cu and Mn but not Fe, Se, and Zn. Performance was not affected from 0 to 10 d postweaning, but when microminerals were added to diets, ADG, ADFI, and G:F improved (P < 0.01) from 10 to 35 d and for the overall 35-d period. Pigs fed the basal diet exhibited parakeratosis-like skin lesions, whereas those fed the supplemental microminerals did not. This skin condition was corrected after a diet with the added microminerals was fed. When the basal diet was fed, Hb and Hct declined, but supplemental microminerals increased Hb and Hct values. Liver catalase activity increased (P < 0.01) when microminerals were fed. The Mn superoxide dismutase activity tended to decline quadratically (P = 0.06) when supplemental microminerals were fed above that of the basal diet. Liver plasma glutathione peroxidase activities were greater (P < 0.01) when dietary organic and inorganic micromineral were fed. Liver concentrations of microminerals increased linearly (P < 0.01) as dietary microminerals increased, indicating that the liver was the primary storage organ. Micromineral tissue concentrations were least in pigs fed the basal diet and increased (quadratic, P < 0.01) to the 50% level of organic microminerals in the various tissues collected. The results indicated that innate microminerals, Cu and Mn, from a complex nursery diet may meet the micromineral needs of the weaned pig, but the need for Fe, Se, or Zn was not met by the basal diet.

Inorganic and organic trace mineral supplementation in weanling pig diets

“…Regarding the levels of supplementation, the results obtained on this study corroborate those found by Martin et al (2011) who also observed that the concentration of trace elements in the liver increased with increasing levels of supplementation, indicating that among the organs of the digestive system, this would be primarily a storage organ for some minerals.…”

Evaluation of Different Calcium Sources on the Performance of Highly Prolific Lactating Sows

“…These researchers also observed similar results among animals fed with high levels and reduced levels of chelated minerals, confirming our hypothesis. Similar results were also observed by Martin et al these authors tested saline and chelated sources of trace minerals in diets for piglets in the nursery phase, and did not find any performance improvement in the animals fed with organic when compared to inorganic sources [26].…”

Safety and efficacy of manganese compounds (E5) as feed additives for all animal species: manganous carbonate; manganous chloride, tetrahydrate; manganous oxide; manganous sulphate, monohydrate; manganese chelate of amino acids, hydrate; manganese chelate of glycine, hydrate, based on a dossier submitted by FEFANA asbl

“…The results showed no evidence for different deposition of manganese in liver between the two manganese sources in four of the five studies submitted. Nevertheless, one study (Martin et al, 2011) showed that manganese in liver was increased when a diet with an organic manganese source was fed.…”

“…One study in piglets (Martin et al, 2011) showed that deposition in muscle occurred at very low level upon supplementation with either an organic or an inorganic source, albeit manganese deposited in muscle was higher with the organic source. One study in chickens for fattening (Petrovic et al, 2010) reported no differences in manganese muscle deposition between organic and inorganic sources.…”

“…Another comparison of inorganic and organic manganese sources was made regarding manganese in liver (one study in broilers (Bao et al, 2007), two in piglets Martin et al, 2011) and two in dairy cows Nocek et al, 2006)). The results showed no evidence for different deposition of manganese in liver between the two manganese sources in four of the five studies submitted.…”