Effect of dietary fiber concentration on apparent digestibility and digesta passage in non-human primates. II. Hindgut- and foregut-fermenting folivores

Abstract

The mortality experience of 7,119 workers who were employed at a Beaumont, Texas, refinery for at least 1 year between 1945 and 1987 was investigated. Mortality analyses based on standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) showed overall mortality was significantly lower than expected compared with the U.S. general population (SMR <=;=> 82, 95%CI = 79–86). Total cancer mortality was also lower than expected (SMR = 92, 95% CI = 84–100). Significant mortality deficits from several malignant and nonmalignant diseases were reported. A significant mortality increase in the broad category of lymphatic and hematopoietic cancers was found (SMR = 133, 95%CI = 103–170). This increase was attributed to a nonsignificant elevation in leukemia of all cell types combined (SMR = 139, 95%CI = 92–201) and a borderline significant increase in other lymphatic tissue cancer (SMR = 158, 95%CI = 101–235). The elevation in leukemia was confined to workers hired before 1950. Furthermore, the leukemia excess was shown to have peaked during the 1960s, with mortality no longer elevated post‐1980. Analyses of cell type‐specific leukemias showed a similar temporal pattern for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) which was not significantly elevated (SMR = 136, 95%CI = 59–268). Mortality from other leukemia cell types was similar to or lower than expected. Mortality from non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) (SMR = 140, 95%CI = 88–211) and multiple myeloma (MM) (SMR = 121, 95%CI = 55–230) were increased, but neither was statistically significant nor likely to be related to refinery employment. No death from asbestosis was reported, and mortality from mesothelioma and pulmonary fibrosis was lower than expected. Lung cancer mortality for the overall cohort was similar to expected. For the overall cohort, analyses by duration of employment and time since first employment showed no evidence of any trends for increasing cause‐specific mortality. Separate analyses of male workers employed in operator jobs showed mortality patterns that were more favorable than those of the total cohort. Maintenance craftworkers showed statistically significant elevations in mortality for prostate cancer (SMR = 145, 95%CI = 107–194), leukemia (SMR = 179, 95%CI = 111–273), and other lymphatic tissue cancer (SMR = 233, 95%CI = 138–368). Detailed analyses indicated that, among maintenance craftworkers, mortality was elevated for AML, NHL, and MM, but none was significant. Furthermore, no upward trend by duration of maintenance jobs was observed. A small increase of lung cancer was observed among maintenance craftworkers (SMR = 120, 95%CI = 99–145), which was borderline significant. No relationship between lung cancer and duration of maintenance employment was found. In contrast, a deficit of pulmonary fibrosis was reported among maintenance craftworkers (SMR = 62, 95%CI = 17–159). These findings are discussed in conjunction with results from other refinery studies, and the limitations of the study are discussed. Am. J. Ind. Med. 33:61–81, 1998. © 1...

Digesta Passage Time, Digestibility, and Total Gut Fill in Captive Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata): Effects Food Type and Food Intake Level

“…A higher aD DM in the low-fiber diets is consistent with the previous studies on lemurs (Edwards and Ullrey 1999a), gorillas (Remis and Dierenfeld 2004), orang-utans (Schmidt et al 2009), and howlers and colobus monkeys (Edwards and Ullrey 1999b), and the same negative correlation exists between aD NDF and fiber contents of diets (Schmidt et al 2009). Because high-fiber foods contain more indigestible material that inhibits absorption of nutrients, it is reasonable to find a lower aD DM and aD NDF.…”

“…In ungulates, digestibility becomes higher with an increase in MRT values Illius and Gordon 1992). A recent review by Clauss et al (2008) also found the same positive relationship between MRT and apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF; consisting largely of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin) among primates, such as lemurs (Campbell et al 2004;Edwards and Ullrey 1999a), howlers, and colobus monkeys (Edwards and Ullrey 1999b).…”

Trichuris Burdens in Zoo-Housed Colobus guereza

“…It is unlikely that one can attribute feeding times or food composition to the pattern. Edwards and Ullrey (2001) noted that the passage rate for liquids and solids through the gut for Colobus guereza kikyuensis is >30 h and relatively unaffected by fiber content. Researchers have reported similar findings from other tripartite foregut fermenters (NRC 2003).…”

Feeding Patterns and Dietary Profile of Nocturnal Southern Woolly Lemurs (Avahi meridionalis) in Southeast Madagascar

“…To circumvent limitations in fiber digestion, folivores have evolved either forestomach (colobines, with sacculated stomachs) or ceco-colic, e.g., howlers, indriids, fermentation via symbiotic bacteria hosted in the digestive tract (Chivers and Hladik 1980;Edwards and Ulrey 1999). However, regardless of these specializations, primates eat food with highly variable levels of fiber (National Research Council 2003).…”