Effect of dietary energy level in finishing phase on performance, carcass and meat quality in immunocastrates and barrows in comparison with gilts and entire male pigs

Broeke, Alice Van den; Aluwé, Marijke; Kress, Kevin; Stefanski, Volker; Škrlep, Martin; Batorek, Nina; Ampe, Bart; Millet, Sam

doi:10.1016/j.animal.2021.100437

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The lack of significant interactions between Improvest management and NE for the majority of live performance traits in the current study including rate of gain and feed efficiency (particularly for those during the overall period presented in Table 4 ) suggests that typical response levels for male pigs managed with Improvest versus PC males can be expected when pigs are fed dietary programs with NE ranging from 2,212 kcal/kg to 2,462 kcal/kg. Similar results were reported previously by Van den Broeke et al (2022) , who also reported a lack of interactive effects between male pigs managed with Improvest and dietary programs with NE of 8.8 MJ/kg (converted 2,103 kcal/kg) or 10.2 MJ/kg (converted 2,438 kcal/kg) for finishing phase performance.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The interesting performance aspect of managing male pigs with Improvest is the dramatic shift in feed consumption that occurs during the time when testicular function is suppressed (post-Improvest period in the case of Improvest males) ( Puls et al, 2014a , 2014b ; Poulsen Nautrup et al, 2018 ). This has been described from a mechanistic action standpoint previously by Van den Broeke et al (2016 ; 2022 ), who stated the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis being blocked by the production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-antibodies downregulates the appetite suppressing the activity of androgens and estrogens that are produced by the testes. In the current study, Improvest males consumed 13.5% less feed (and 13.5% less kcal NE) 0 to 1 wk post-second dose, 4.5% less feed (and 4.2% less kcal NE) 1 to 2 wk post-second dose, 6.6% more feed (and 6.8% more kcal NE) 2 to 3 wk post-second dose, 13.3% more feed (and 12.9% more kcal NE) 3 to 4 wk post-second dose, 14.4% more feed (and 14.2% more kcal NE) 4 to 5 wk post-second dose, and 18.2% more feed (and 18.3% more kcal NE) 5 to 6 wk post-second dose compared with PC males.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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The effects of dietary net energy on grow-finish performance and carcass characteristics of male market pigs managed with immunological castration (Improvest)

Bohrer,

Wang,

Landero

et al. 2024

Translational Animal Science

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The objective was to determine the effects of dietary net energy (NE) during the grow-finish period on live performance and carcass characteristics of intact male pigs managed with immunological castration (Improvest®) compared with physically castrated (PC) male pigs. The 101-day study began when 1,008 pigs (504 intact male pigs and 504 PC male pigs; 10 weeks old) were allocated by weight to 48 pens with 21 intact males or 21 PC males per pen. Three dietary NE treatments were fed to pigs using five dietary phases (dietary programs were formulated according to standardized ileal digestible lysine requirements of Improvest males or PC males) to provide an average of 2,212 kcal/kg (Low NE), 2,337 kcal/kg (Medium NE), or 2,462 kcal/kg (High NE). The experiment was designed and analyzed as a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of Improvest management and NE. For the overall study period, there were no significant interactions between Improvest management and NE (P ≥ 0.19) for average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), or Gain:Feed (G:F). There were also no significant interactions between Improvest management and NE (P ≥ 0.06) for carcass characteristics. Improvest males consumed less feed (5.3% lower ADFI; P < 0.01), grew faster (5.1% greater ADG; P < 0.01), and were more efficient (11.2% greater G:F; P < 0.01) compared with PC males. Hot carcass weight (HCW) did not differ (P = 0.16) between Improvest males and PC males (attributed to 1.6 percentage unit lower dressing percentage for Improvest males; P < 0.01); however, Improvest males were leaner (0.9 mm less backfat and 0.65% greater predicted lean yield; P < 0.01) compared with PC males. For the overall study period, pigs fed Low NE and Medium NE diets consumed 7.5% and 4.6% more feed (P < 0.01) than pigs fed High NE diets, respectively, and pigs fed Low NE diets grew 1.7% slower (P < 0.02) than pigs fed Medium NE and High NE diets. This resulted in pigs fed Low NE diets having 4.4% lower G:F compared with pigs fed Medium NE and 8.6% lower G:F compared with pigs fed High NE diets (P < 0.01). Pigs fed Low NE had 3.0 kg lighter (P < 0.01) HCW compared with Medium NE, while High NE had intermediate HCW that did not differ from the other two treatments. Overall, typical Improvest response levels for live performance and carcass characteristics when compared with PC males were achieved for each of the NE treatments evaluated in this study.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

The effects of dietary net energy on grow-finish performance and carcass characteristics of male market pigs managed with immunological castration (Improvest)

Bohrer,

Wang,

Landero

et al. 2024

Translational Animal Science

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“…Since it was first noticed, red color in rhesus macaque males has been assumed to be androgen-dependent 18 , 36 , 39 (but see Higham et al 60 ). Testosterone induces vasodilatation and increases blood flow 44 , 86 , resulting in more intense scrotal redness 44 , 87 . In a study in which male rhesus macaques were treated with exogenous hormones, scrotal redness increased after androgen administration, but there was no effect on facial redness 44 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial and genital color ornamentation, testosterone, and reproductive output in high-ranking male rhesus macaques

Sobral,

Dubuc,

Winters

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Males in many vertebrate species have colorful ornaments that evolved by sexual selection. The role of androgens in the genesis and maintenance of these signals is unclear. We studied 21 adult high-ranking male rhesus macaques from nine social groups in the free-ranging population on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, and analyzed facial and genital skin luminance and redness, fecal androgens, rates of mating behaviors, and offspring sired. Facial and genital coloration varied in relation to age, mating behavior, reproductive success, and testosterone concentration. Our results indicate that skin coloration in high-ranking male rhesus macaques is a sexually-selected trait mediated by androgens. These results add to the growing literature on the proximate and ultimate causes of male sexual signals and highlight the need to examine how these characteristics change with age in other species.

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“…The 24 piglets were selected on the basis that they represented average BW and ADG per pen and dietary group. Nevertheless, the barrows in this subset of 24 selected pigs still had higher ADG compared to gilts, which could be related to their higher ADFI [ 23 ]. The latter may have been the underlying reason for sex-related differences observed in serum and intestinal gene expression, especially for the diverging results for barrows fed the Con diet compared to the other pig groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Available phosphorus levels modulate gene expression related to intestinal calcium and phosphorus absorption and bone parameters differently in gilts and barrows

Vötterl¹,

Klinsoda²,

Koger³

et al. 2023

Anim Biosci

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Objective: Dietary phytase increases bioavailability of phytate-bound phosphorus (P) in pig nutrition affecting dietary calcium (Ca) to P ratio, intestinal uptake, and systemic utilization of both minerals, which may contribute to improper bone mineralization. We used phytase to assess long-term effects of two dietary available P (aP) levels using a one-phase feeding system on gene expression related to Ca and P homeostasis along the intestinal tract and in the kidney, short-chain fatty acids in stomach, cecum, and colon, serum, and bone parameters in growing gilts and barrows.Methods: Growing pigs (37.9 ± 6.2kg) had either free access to a diet without (Con; 75 gilts and 69 barrows) or with phytase (650 phytase units; n = 72/diet) for 56 days. Samples of blood, duodenal, jejunal, ileal, cecal, and colonic mucosa and digesta, kidney, and metacarpal bones were collected from 24 pigs (6 gilts and 6 barrows per diet).Results: Phytase decreased daily feed intake and average daily gain, whereas aP intake increased with phytase versus Con diet (p<0.05). Gilts had higher colonic expression of TRPV5, CDH1, CLDN4, ZO1, and OCLN and renal expression of TRPV5 and SLC34A3 compared to barrows (p<0.05). Phytase increased duodenal expression of TRPV5, TRPV6, CALB1, PMCA1b, CDH1, CLDN4, ZO1 and OCLN compared to Con diet (p<0.05). Furthermore, phytase increased expression of SCL34A2 in cecum and of FGF23 and CLDN4 in colon compared to Con diet (p<0.05). Alongside, phytase decreased gastric propionate, cecal valerate, and colonic caproate versus Con diet (p<0.05). Phytase reduced cortical wall thickness and index of metacarpal bones (p<0.05). Conclusion:Gene expression results suggested an intestinal adaptation to increased dietary aP amount by increasing duodenal trans-and paracellular Ca absorption to balance the systemically available Ca and P levels, whereas no adaption of relevant gene expression in kidney occurred. Greater average daily gain in barrows related to higher feed intake.

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Effect of dietary energy level in finishing phase on performance, carcass and meat quality in immunocastrates and barrows in comparison with gilts and entire male pigs

Cited by 12 publications

References 35 publications

The effects of dietary net energy on grow-finish performance and carcass characteristics of male market pigs managed with immunological castration (Improvest)

The effects of dietary net energy on grow-finish performance and carcass characteristics of male market pigs managed with immunological castration (Improvest)

Facial and genital color ornamentation, testosterone, and reproductive output in high-ranking male rhesus macaques

Available phosphorus levels modulate gene expression related to intestinal calcium and phosphorus absorption and bone parameters differently in gilts and barrows

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