Effect of Diet on Development and Reproduction of the Harvestman<i>Phalangium opilio</i>(Opiliones: Phalangiidae)

Allard, Cora M.; Yeargan, Kenneth V.

doi:10.1603/0046-225x-34.1.6

Cited by 30 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…adults reduced A. glycines numbers by 77% (Rutledge et al 2004). In addition, Opiliones have been identiÞed as preying on A. glycines (Allard and Yeargan 2005). Our results are consistent with Fox et al (2005) and Costamagna and Landis (2006) and suggest that the community of generalist predators present before the arrival of A. glycines are important to delay their establishment.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Alfalfa Living Mulch Advances Biological Control of Soybean Aphid

Schmidt

O’Neal

Singer³

2007

Environmental Entomology

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Despite evidence for biological control in North America, outbreaks of the invasive soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), continue to occur on soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Our objectives were to determine whether natural enemies delay aphid establishment and limit subsequent population growth and whether biological control can be improved by altering the within-field habitat. We hypothesized that a living mulch would increase the abundance of the aphidophagous community in soybean and suppress A. glycines establishment and population growth. We measured natural enemy and A. glycines abundance in soybean grown with and without an alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) living mulch. Soybean grown with an alfalfa living mulch had 45% more natural enemies and experienced a delay in A. glycinesestablishment that resulted in lower peak populations. From our experiments, we concluded that the current natural enemy community in Iowa can delay A. glycines establishment, and an increase in aphidophagous predator abundance lowered the rate ofA. glycines population growth preventing economic populations (i.e., below the current economic threshold) from occurring. Incorporation of a living mulch had an unexpected impact on A. glycines population growth, lowering the aphids' intrinsic rate of growth, thus providing a bottom-up suppression of A. glycines. We suggest future studies of living mulches or cover crops for A. glycines management should address both potential sources of suppression. Furthermore, our experience suggests that more consistent biological control of A. glycines may be possible with even partial resistance that slows but does not prevent reproduction. RightsThis article is the copyright property of the Entomological Society of America and may not be used for any commercial or other private purpose without specific written permission of the Entomological Society of America.This article is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ent_pubs/11BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Alfalfa Living Mulch Advances Biological Control of Soybean AphidAuthor (s) ABSTRACT Despite evidence for biological control in North America, outbreaks of the invasive soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), continue to occur on soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Our objectives were to determine whether natural enemies delay aphid establishment and limit subsequent population growth and whether biological control can be improved by altering the within-Þeld habitat. We hypothesized that a living mulch would increase the abundance of the aphidophagous community in soybean and suppress A. glycines establishment and population growth. We measured natural enemy and A. glycines abundance in soybean grown with and without an alfalfa (Medica...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Alfalfa Living Mulch Advances Biological Control of Soybean Aphid

Schmidt

O’Neal

Singer³

2007

Environmental Entomology

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“…Therefore, characteristics of foraging (i.e. omnivores and/or paucity of food characteristic of cave habitats) may be associated with the evolution of low SMR in harvestman (Allard & Yeargan, 2005). In conclusion, one of the necessary prerequisites for natural selection, substantial and repeatable inter‐individual variation in SMR, exists in P. paessleri ; however, the data provided in the present study do not reveal whether the variation in SMR is heritable or linked to fitness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, other studies on harvestman energetics indicate that species from temperate zones appear to show higher metabolic rates than other animals of similar body size (Phillipson, 1962). The main explanation being that harvestmen are omnivores (Allard & Yeargan, 2005) and may not experience variation in food supply to the same extent that other arthropods (i.e. spiders) do.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cost of living slowly: metabolism, Q₁₀ and repeatability in a South American harvestman

Lardies

Naya

Berríos

et al. 2008

Physiological Entomology

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Resources are usually considered to be limited in caves and underground habitats. Therefore, lower metabolic rates of ectotherms in these environments should be advantageous. The standard metabolic rate (SMR) of the common harvestman Pachylus paessleri Roewer, 1913 (Arachnida, Opiliones) is determined at two ambient temperatures. Repeatability of SMR is estimated by two methods: (i) product -moment correlation on residuals of body mass and (ii) variance components. Estimations of the thermal sensitivity of metabolic rate (individual Q 10 ). SMR of P. paessleri at 20 °C show a mean of 19.01 ± 6.04 and 14.99 ± 3.64 L CO 2 h -1 for males and females, respectively. Thermal sensitivity of SMR is 2.11 ± 0.23 with a substantial coefficient of variation of 26.7%. In males, residuals of CO 2 release are significantly repeatable ( r p ϭ 0.61) between measurements realized 5 months apart, which reflects the consistency of this trait over time. As typical soil inhabitants, the harvestman P. paessleri present a lower metabolic rate in comparison with arthropods of similar body mass ( e.g. arachnids). Although the coefficient of thermal sensitivity is within of the range reported for arthropods inhabiting Mediterranean zones, it is lower than expected for an organism with such a low SMR. This appears to be the first report of repeatability of metabolic rate in a harvestman species.

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“…Four to five females were housed with single males following the setup of Allard and Yeargan (2005). Four to five females were housed with single males following the setup of Allard and Yeargan (2005).…”

Section: Phalangium Opilio Cultivation and Embryo Fixationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hox gene expression in the harvestman Phalangium opilio reveals divergent patterning of the chelicerate opisthosoma

Sharma

Schwager

Extavour

et al. 2012

Evolution and Development

132

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Among chelicerates, Hox gene expression has only been investigated in representatives of two arachnid orders to date: Acari (mites and ticks) and Araneae (spiders). Limited data are available for the "primitive" arachnid orders, such as Scorpiones (scorpions) and Opiliones (harvestmen). Here, we present the first data on Hox gene expression in the harvestman Phalangium opilio. Ten Hox genes of this species were obtained from a de novo assembled developmental transcriptome using the Illumina GAII platform. All 10 genes are expressed in characteristic Hox-like expression patterns, and the expression of the anterior and central Hox genes is similar to those of other chelicerates. However, intriguingly, the three posteriormost genes-Ultrabithorax, abdominal-A, and Abdominal-B-share an identical anterior expression boundary in the second opisthosomal segment, and their expression domains extend through the opisthosoma to the posterior growth zone. The overlap in expression domains of the posterior Hox genes is correlated with the absence of opisthosomal organs posterior to the tubular tracheae, which occur on the second opisthosomal segment. Together with the staggered profile of posterior Hox genes in spiders, these data suggest the involvement of abdominal-A and Abdominal-B in the evolution of heteronomous patterning of the chelicerate opisthosoma, providing a mechanism that helps explain the morphological diversity of chelicerates.

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Effect of Diet on Development and Reproduction of the HarvestmanPhalangium opilio(Opiliones: Phalangiidae)

Cited by 30 publications

References 34 publications

Alfalfa Living Mulch Advances Biological Control of Soybean Aphid

Alfalfa Living Mulch Advances Biological Control of Soybean Aphid

The cost of living slowly: metabolism, Q₁₀ and repeatability in a South American harvestman

Hox gene expression in the harvestman Phalangium opilio reveals divergent patterning of the chelicerate opisthosoma

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Effect of Diet on Development and Reproduction of the HarvestmanPhalangium opilio(Opiliones: Phalangiidae)

Cited by 30 publications

References 34 publications

Alfalfa Living Mulch Advances Biological Control of Soybean Aphid

Alfalfa Living Mulch Advances Biological Control of Soybean Aphid

The cost of living slowly: metabolism, Q10 and repeatability in a South American harvestman

Hox gene expression in the harvestman Phalangium opilio reveals divergent patterning of the chelicerate opisthosoma

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The cost of living slowly: metabolism, Q₁₀ and repeatability in a South American harvestman