Effect of detoxification methods on the quality and safety of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) meal

Abstract

This study was conducted to compare the effect of different detoxification methods on the composition and safety of defatted jojoba meal (DJM). Solvents, microwave, and microbiological (lactic acid bacteria, and bifidobacteria) treatments were used to detoxify and reduce the antinutrition factors in DJM. The results indicated that there were differences between treatments applied to detoxify DJM. Treatment of DJM with isopropanol and Lactobacillus acidophilus was able to reduce antinutrition factors and simmondsin. Detoxified‐DJM that contained lower levels of antinutrition factors and simmondsin were further evaluated by feeding studies using experimental animals. After 8 weeks of feeding studies, there were no statistically significant differences between animal groups fed on basal diet, isopropanol‐treated DJM, and Lactobacillus acidophilus‐treated DJM in terms of body weight gain and relative organ weights. The group fed on untreated DJM showed a decrease in total albumin, globulin, protein, and lipid profile. The activities of liver enzymes were increased indicating incidence of liver dysfunction. Groups fed isopropanol‐treated DJM and L. acidophilus‐treated DJM exhibited improvement in serum parameters (i.e., total lipids, total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, triglycerides, and liver function enzymes with no potential adverse health/toxic effects. Histopathological examinations of liver, kidney, and spleen tissues of rats fed on detoxified DJM showed the same histological features as the control rats. In conclusion, isopropanol and L. acidophilus could be applied for detoxification of DJM. Isopropanol and L. acidophilus detoxified‐DJM could be recommended as a safe food or feed ingredient, since it had no potential adverse health/toxic effects. Practical applications This work described the effect of different methods for detoxification and degradation of antinutrition factors in DJM. The results indicated that the methods used, LAB and bifidobacteria, and isopropanol had high ability for detoxification of DJM. Lactobacillus acidophilus strain had the highest ability to reduce antinutrition factors and simmondsin. The incorporation of isopropanol‐treated and L. acidophilus‐treated DJM to basal diet had no potential adverse health/toxic effects. Therefore, isopropanol‐treated and L. acidophilus‐treated DJM could be recommended as safe food grade ingredients.

A review of the desert gold jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) whole plant, oil, and meal: Phytochemical composition, medicinal uses, and detoxification

“…The reduction of the protein levels in microwave‐treated jojoba meals was 28.9%. The data showed also reductions in total carbohydrate content and the anti‐nutritional factors compared to the untreated jojoba meal (Elsanhoty et al, 2017).…”

“…The incorporation of isopropanol treated jojoba meal into the basal rat diet showed no potential adverse health or toxic effects. The resultant products allowed the possible utilization of the protein in the jojoba press cake as an animal food supplement (Elsanhoty et al, 2017; Medina & Trejo‐gonzalez, 1990).…”

“…The meal left after the oil extraction is highly rich in protein, so it could be used in livestock feeding after its detoxification (Verbiscar et al, 1980). Toxicity studies on jojoba oil and jojoba meal have been reported since the 1950s and many physical, chemical, and biological methods have been applied to attempt to detoxify jojoba meal to improve them for livestock and fish feed (Cook, 1977; Elsanhoty et al, 2017; Medina & Trejo‐gonzalez, 1990). The medicinal properties of jojoba were highlighted centuries ago and have been emphasized through recent research.…”

Medicinal properties of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis)

“…Due to its cyano group, it is listed as an antinutritional compound and thorough removal of its content is required prior to usage as animal feed. Thus, several methodologies have been investigated for the neutralization/removal of this agent prior to usage as feed supplements, including chemical and enzymatic approaches (Verbiscar et al 1981;Bouali et al 2008;Elsanhoty et al 2017). However, usage of simmondsin at low and at non-toxic range may be harnessed as a health-promoting agent as specified below.…”

Optimization of Super Palm Olein Stability using Natural Antioxidants from Jojoba Seed Waste

“…The chemical composition of jojoba seed meal (JSM), detoxified meal (DMR) and jojoba seed shell (JSH) are given in Table (1 Elsanhoty et al, (2017). However, meal sample residue after detoxification (DMR), had 5.71±0.53% of moisture, 4.03±0.70% of ash, 11.70±0.91% of crude fiber, 26.19±1.05% of protein, 0.79±0.13% of oil and 51.58% of nitrogen free extract (NFE).…”