Effect of cycling and functional electrical stimulation with linear and interval patterns of timing on gait parameters in patients after stroke: a randomized clinical trial

Abstract

The FAC is a common clinical assessment scale which has been shown to have reliability (k=0.95) and validity (specificity: 78%) in patients post stroke [1]. The FAC includes 6 functional levels: "0" (nonfunctional ambulator) indicates a patient who is not able to walk at all or needs the help of 2 therapists. Level of "1" (ambulator, dependent on physical assistance) indicates a patient who requires continuous manual contact to support body weight as well as to maintain balance or to assist coordination. "2" (ambulator, dependent on physical assistance) indicates a patient who requires intermittent or continuous light touch to assist balance or coordination. "3" (ambulator, dependent on supervision) indicates a patient who can ambulate on level surface without manual contact of another person but requires stand by guarding of one person either for safety or for verbal cueing. "4" (ambulator, independent, level surface only) indicates a patient who can ambulate independently on level surface but requires supervision to negotiate (eg, stairs, inclines, nonlevel surfaces)."5" (ambulator, independent) indicates a patient who can walk everywhere independently, including stairs [2]. Gait speedThe 10-m walk test was used to evaluate gait speed. Patients were asked to walk as fast as they safely could and the time was measured for the intermediate 6 meters. Start and stop procedure of timing were synchronized passing the toes of the leading foot beyond the 2-meter and 8-meter mark [3]. This gait speed measurement has been found to be highly reliable [4]. Tests were carried out three times and the best performance was used for data analysis.

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation-Based Physical Therapy on the Improvement of Balance and Gait in Patients with Chronic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Individualized, patient-centered, evidence-based physical treatments, with consideration of all the available treatment components, should be selected by using a mix of components from different approaches. PNF is one of the effective physical interventions to decrease muscle spasticity and improve lower-limb function and gait speed in post-stroke survivors, as well as cycling, treadmill exercise, functional electrical stimulation and deep dry needling [ 8 , 9 , 59 ].…”

“…There are many available modality and movement therapies of post-stroke rehabilitation that have positive effects on motor and gait functions in patients after stroke, e.g., cycling, treadmill walking and functional electrical stimulation [ 8 , 9 ]. However, they may be expensive and provide a limited kind of movement.…”

How might the consideration of cell polarity affect the daily therapeutic practise? A review study.

“…Following a database search, 1281 citations were retrieved, of which 27 addressed the topics of this study. Only three of these 27 studies did not show statistically signi cant differences between ES (electric stimulator) and conventional approaches (12,25,31). These studies focused on the decrease of muscular spasm following a stroke or multiple sclerosis.…”

Effects of a lower limb rehabilitation robot with various training modes in patients with stroke: A randomized controlled trial

“…There are many available rehabilitation therapies that are beneficial for motor and gait recovery in patients post stroke such as cycling, treadmill walking, and functional electrical stimulation (FES). [2,3] Bilateral FES in conjugation with treadmill walking and FES with cycling improved gait function. The recently preferred treatment concept is task-oriented, repetitive, and high-intensity physical therapy.…”