Effect of currently used pesticides in citrus orchards on two Aphelinid parasitoids

Abstract

Sixteen chemicals currently used in citrus orchards to control insects, mites, fungi and weeds, were tested in their contact and fumigant effects on two Aphytis species which successfully attack scale insects. The insecticides, acaricides, fungicides and herbicides varied greatly in their toxicity to the parasitoids. The fungicides Cuprargen, Vencedor, Aliette and Dithane and the herbicides Hyvar X and Round Up, were practically harmless and can be recommended for use in IPM programmes. Zusammenfassung Wirkungen von gebräuchlichen Pestiziden in Citrus‐Plantagen auf zwei Parasitoiden (Hym., Aphelinidae). Labortests Es wurden 16 chemische Pestizide, die in Citrus‐Plantagen zur Bekämpfung von Insekten, Milben, Pilzen und Unkräutern verwendet werden, auf ihre Wirkungen gegenüber zwei Aphytis‐Arten (Aphelinidae), welche als erfolgreiche Schildlaus‐Antagonisten bekannt sind, getestet. Die Insektizide, Akarizide, Fungizide und Herbizide variierten hinsichtlich ihrer Toxizität gegenüber den Parasitoiden sehr stark. Die Fungizide Cuprargen, Vencedor, Aliette und Dithane sowie die Herbizide Hyvar X und Round Up erwiesen sich praktisch als harmlos und können daher zur Verwendung in IPM‐Programmen empfohlen werden.

Sub-lethal effects of a copper sulfate fungicide on development and reproduction in three coccinellid species

“…Similarly, Havelka and Bartova (1991) concluded that copper fungicides were not compatible with IPM programs for greenhouses because of their adverse effects on the aphid predator Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). However, Teran et al . (1993) concluded that a copper sulfate fungicide was safe for two Aphytis parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) important for scale control in citrus.…”

Sub-lethal effects of a copper sulfate fungicide on development and reproduction in three coccinellid species.

“…Similarly, Havelka and Bartova (1991) concluded that copper fungicides were not compatible with IPM programs for greenhouses because of their adverse effects on the aphid predator Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). However, Teran et al (1993) concluded that a copper sulfate fungicide was safe for two Aphytis parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) important for scale control in citrus.…”