“…Recently, however, cases of structural damage owing to various causes, such as freezing and thawing, alkali silica reaction, and carbonation, have increased [ 2 ]. In particular, cement materials can crack when exposed to moisture because their porous capillaries absorb water and the subsequent cyclical absorption, expansion, freezing, and thawing result in a loss of durability, strength, and stability [ 3 , 4 ].…”