Effect of Crude-Oil-Induced Wettability Changes on Oil Recovery

Abstract

Morrow, Norman R., SPE, New Mexico Petroleum Recovery Research Center Petroleum Recovery Research Center Lim, Hau T., SPE, New Mexico Petroleum Recovery Research Center Ward, Jill S., SPE, New Mexico Petroleum Recovery Research Center Summary Displacements in strongly water-wet cores; are compared with results of similar tests for a mixed wettability condition induced by a selected crude oil. Cores exposed to crude oil showed weakly water-wet imbibition behavior and 30 to 65% improvement in microscopic displacement efficiency. Other characteristics included clean breakthrough and low relative permeability to water at residual oil saturation. Flow visualization experiments with crude oil in micromodels showed improved oil recovery from pore bodies with oil trapping in pore throats. Capillary numbers for mobilization of residual oil from weakly water-wet systems were higher than for strongly water-wet systems. Contact-angle measurements showed that adsorbed transition metal ions at a high-energy surface could have a dominant effect on wetting behavior. Introduction Determination of reservoir wettability and its effect on oil recover are long-standing problems in reservoir engineering. Many researchers maintain that waterflood oil recovery is greatest under strongly water-wet conditions. Owens and Archer predicted steadily decreasing oil recovery as the water advancing contact angle increases. Other work has shown that wetting conditions other than strongly water-wet are frequently encountered and may actually be preferable. In 1955, Richardson et al. reported low residual saturations of kerosene to waterflooding in fresh cores from the East Texas field. Repeated alteration of oil- and waterfloods resulted in increased waterflood residual oil saturation (Sor) that was further increased by extraction between displacement tests. Water imbibition results indicated that a change in wetting behavior had occurred and that the extracted cores were more strongly water-wet than the fresh samples. Salathiel explained the phenomenon of fresh core behavior by postulating a mixed-wettability condition. Strongly oil-wet paths through the rock are generated at those parts of the pore surface in contact with crude oil, while the remainder stays strongly water-wet. Salathiel concluded that these paths are connected in consolidated media and allow oil to continue to flow even at very low oil saturations. Laboratory-prepared, mixed-wettability systems gave low Sor by extended waterflooding. Salathiel noted that the low Sor reported for the East Texas cores was achieved after flooding with 40 PV of water, a point not mentioned by Richardson et al. Salathiel did not report imbibition results for his mixed-wettability cores; thus, comparison with those of the fresh East Texas cores is not possible. The anomalously low Sor found for the East Texas field was ascribed to long-term gravity drainage rather than direct displacement by water-flooding. Low Sor for crude-oil displacements was reported by Rathmell et al. Imbibition tests established that most of the systems that gave decreased all trapping were weakly water-wet. Clean water breakthrough with little or no subsequent oil recovery was observed. Amott also found that Sor for weakly water-wet Berea cores was lower than for strongly wetted cores. The variation in oil recovery with wettability change is of interest for a number of reasons. Three of the most important are:prediction of oil recovery in the course of making economic evaluations of waterflooding,determination of the magnitude of Sor which is critical to the economic evaluation of tertiary oil recovery processes; andimprovement of waterflood recovery and perhaps tertiary recovery that may be achieved by wettability alteration. However, systematic and unambiguous studies of the effects of wettability are not easy to design or carry out. A major difficulty in working with oil/water interfaces at high-energy mineral surfaces is creation of well-characterized wetting situations. Several attempts have been made to relate wettability change to extent of reaction with silanizing agents, but none of the published procedures has gained general acceptance as a means of procedures has gained general acceptance as a means of providing a range of known wettability conditions. providing a range of known wettability conditions. Relationships between oil/water contact angles at solid surfaces and concentration levels of known compounds other than silanes are also available. However, difficulties in reproducing reported contact-angle measurements indicate that these systems are not likely to provide reliable wettability control in porous media, especially considering the added complexity that the pore surfaces may not correspond well to the carefully selected and prepared smooth mineral surfaces generally used for prepared smooth mineral surfaces generally used for contact angle measurements. Several studies have shown the importance of crude-oil components, especially the asphaltenes, in altering the wettability of mineral surfaces. SPEFE p. 89

A Pore-Level Scenario for the Development of Mixed Wettability in Oil Reservoirs

“…Since asphaltene adsorption is virtually irreversible (Morrow et al, 1986;Hirasaki et al, 1990;Dubey and Waxman, 1991), we postulate that ali thicknesses of oil films deposited on asphaltene-coated surfaces are stable, lt follows that the oil-film disjoining pressure is purely repulsive. Thus, the solid surface is completely wetted by oil, and the newly created meniscus establishes a contact angle of 180°measured through the water phase.…”

“…Oil-drop adhesion tests provide a simple approach to characterize the wetting behavior of crude oils against solid surfaces (Morrow et al, 1986;Buckley et al, 1989;Buckley and Morrow, 1990). When adhesion occurs, it is found that the solid/oil/water boundary is fixed or "pinned" at the three-phase contact line (Morrow, 1990).…”

“…The asphaltene aggregates apparently adsorb with their disk faces against the planar faces of the clay. Asphaltene adsorption appears irreversible for ali practical purposes ( Morrow et al, 1986;Hir_saki et al, 1990;Dubey and Waxman, 1991).…”

A Variational Model of Disjoining Pressure: Liquid Film on a Nonplanar Surface

“…Oil recovery mechanisms strongly depend on the wettability of the reservoir rock [1,21,23]. Many natural rocks are water-wet.…”

Water flow and slip on NAPL‐wetted surfaces of a parallel‐walled fracture

“…Although the translucent epoxy model, which has a strong hydrophobic surface, has been utilized for the study of water flow through rock fractures [Su, 1995;Yeo et al, 1998;Brown et al, 1998], few investigations have been conducted on the effects of a change in the surface wettability on the flow of ground water through a fracture. The importance of surface wettability has been recognized in the area of petroleum engineering, but studies have focused on the enhancement of oil recovery, not the water flow through a hydrophobic surface [Morrow et al, 1986;Jadhunandan and Morrow, 1995].…”