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One of the greatest challenges in the field of biofabrication remains the discovery of suitable bioinks that satisfy physicochemical and biological requirements. Despite recent advances in tissue engineering and biofabrication, progress has been limited to the development of technologies using polymer-based materials. Here, we show that a nucleotide lipid-based hydrogel resulting from the self-assembly of nucleotide lipids can be used as a bioink for soft tissue reconstruction using injection or extrusion-based systems. To the best of our knowledge, the use of a low molecular weight hydrogel as an alternative to polymeric bioinks is a novel concept in biofabrication and 3D bioprinting. Rheological studies revealed that nucleotide lipid-based hydrogels exhibit suitable mechanical properties for biofabrication and 3D bioprinting, including i) fast gelation kinetics in a cell culture medium and ii) shear moduli and thixotropy compatible with extruded oral cell survival (human gingival fibroblasts and stem cells from the apical papilla). This polymer-free soft material is a promising candidate for a new bioink design.Biofabrication is a growing field in regenerative medicine and represents a promising tool for the construction of complex 3D structures 1-4 . Several approaches 5,6 allow 3D-bioprinted construction to be achieved, with three main techniques: inkjet, laser and extrusion-based bioprinting 7 . Extrusion-based bioprinting (EBB) is one of the most widespread tools used in biofabrication, mainly due to its capacity to build large-volume constructs such as tissue or organ equivalents 5,8 . This technique offers a wide range of opportunities because it is suitable for various polymeric materials including scaffold-based (hydrogels, microcarriers, decellularised matrix components) as well as scaffold-free (cell aggregates) materials 5 .Murphy et al. 1 presented their concept of the "ideal material", which needs to display several features, including printability, biocompatibility, good degradation kinetics, and favourable structural and mechanical properties, as well as material biomimicry. According to recent definitions 9 , a bioink can be defined as "a formulation of cells that is suitable to be processed by an automated biofabrication technology". The presence of cells is a key element, and formulations that do not contain cells or involve the seeding of cells after printing do not qualify as bioinks. The term "biomaterial ink" (BmI) is then used. Consequently, this distinction will be used throughout our work.Hydrogels are commonly used for the formulation of bioinks or BmIs and seem to be promising biomaterials because they are affordable, are easy to handle and can mimic the extracellular matrix 10 . Initial approaches of EBB used synthetic polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) or gelatine methacrylate (GelMA) as scaffold materials, but they suffered from poor biological properties 11 . As an alternative, natural polymers derived from fibrous proteins or peptides have been developed due to their intr...
One of the greatest challenges in the field of biofabrication remains the discovery of suitable bioinks that satisfy physicochemical and biological requirements. Despite recent advances in tissue engineering and biofabrication, progress has been limited to the development of technologies using polymer-based materials. Here, we show that a nucleotide lipid-based hydrogel resulting from the self-assembly of nucleotide lipids can be used as a bioink for soft tissue reconstruction using injection or extrusion-based systems. To the best of our knowledge, the use of a low molecular weight hydrogel as an alternative to polymeric bioinks is a novel concept in biofabrication and 3D bioprinting. Rheological studies revealed that nucleotide lipid-based hydrogels exhibit suitable mechanical properties for biofabrication and 3D bioprinting, including i) fast gelation kinetics in a cell culture medium and ii) shear moduli and thixotropy compatible with extruded oral cell survival (human gingival fibroblasts and stem cells from the apical papilla). This polymer-free soft material is a promising candidate for a new bioink design.Biofabrication is a growing field in regenerative medicine and represents a promising tool for the construction of complex 3D structures 1-4 . Several approaches 5,6 allow 3D-bioprinted construction to be achieved, with three main techniques: inkjet, laser and extrusion-based bioprinting 7 . Extrusion-based bioprinting (EBB) is one of the most widespread tools used in biofabrication, mainly due to its capacity to build large-volume constructs such as tissue or organ equivalents 5,8 . This technique offers a wide range of opportunities because it is suitable for various polymeric materials including scaffold-based (hydrogels, microcarriers, decellularised matrix components) as well as scaffold-free (cell aggregates) materials 5 .Murphy et al. 1 presented their concept of the "ideal material", which needs to display several features, including printability, biocompatibility, good degradation kinetics, and favourable structural and mechanical properties, as well as material biomimicry. According to recent definitions 9 , a bioink can be defined as "a formulation of cells that is suitable to be processed by an automated biofabrication technology". The presence of cells is a key element, and formulations that do not contain cells or involve the seeding of cells after printing do not qualify as bioinks. The term "biomaterial ink" (BmI) is then used. Consequently, this distinction will be used throughout our work.Hydrogels are commonly used for the formulation of bioinks or BmIs and seem to be promising biomaterials because they are affordable, are easy to handle and can mimic the extracellular matrix 10 . Initial approaches of EBB used synthetic polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) or gelatine methacrylate (GelMA) as scaffold materials, but they suffered from poor biological properties 11 . As an alternative, natural polymers derived from fibrous proteins or peptides have been developed due to their intr...
The advancements in 3D printing systems together with medical imaging devices, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT), have made it possible to fabricate customized implantable scaffolds from computer-aided designs (CAD), which can precisely fit to the affected region in body of patients. [1,2] Hydrogels are widely preferred scaffold materials for 3D printing since they can mimic the natural tissues due to their high water content, porosity, and flexibility. [1,3] Additionally, they can be easily functionalized with biochemical and biophysical cues, and have easy fabrication processes. [4,5] Deriving therapeutic benefits such as supporting cell adhesion, promoting cell proliferation, and providing mechanical support for the tissue remodeling are desired for hydrogels. Physical, chemical, or biochemical crosslinking of homopolymer or copolymer solutions is typically used to form the hydrogels. [6] Along with synthetic polymers, the natural polymeric hydrogels can provide a stable environment for cells to grow, migrate, proliferate, and/or differentiate. [1] Natural polymers can be extracted from natural products via physical or chemical techniques in order to form hydrogels. The natural polymeric hydrogels, such as gelatin, [7,8] alginate, [9] fibrinogen, [10] hyaluronic acid, [11] cellulose, [12] and chitosan, [13] can dissolve in biofriendly inorganic solvents including phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and cell culture medium. [6] Besides the well-known biocompatibility and biodegradability of natural polymeric hydrogels, their mechanical characteristics, however, limit potential applications as bioinks for manufacturing of scaffolds through 3D printing process. [14] Collagen-based biomaterials, used in most of the previous studies due to their intrinsic cell-adhesion sites, have been reported to have poor printability and long crosslinking durations. [15] Likewise, sodium alginate, which is a block copolymer of consecutive and alternately arranged β-d-mannuronic acid and α-l-guluronic acid residues, is a broadly preferred material since it is easily crosslinked via ionotropic gelation with divalent cations (e.g., Ca 2+ , Zn 2+). [16] However, alginate hydrogels require additional bioactivation step to trigger cell adhesion. [17] Another 3D bioprinting of hydrogels has gained great attention due to its potential to manufacture intricate and customized scaffolds that provide favored conditions for cell proliferation. Nevertheless, plain natural hydrogels can be easily disintegrated, and their mechanical strengths are usually insufficient for printing process. Hence, composite hydrogels are developed for 3D printing. This study aims to develop a hydrogel ink for extrusion-based 3D printing which is entirely composed of natural polymers, gelatin, alginate, and cellulose. Physicochemical interactions between the components of the intertwined gelatin-cellulose-alginate network are studied via altering copolymer ratios. The structure of the materials and porosity are assessed using infr...
Fabricating engineered vasculature within biological scaffolds is one of the most common strategies to maintain high cell viability before implantation. Many studies have been conducted from the aspects of the manufacturing process, materials science, and cell biology to fabricate engineered vasculature with the aim of enhancing the integration between scaffold and host. Among them, the method of combining three‐dimensional (3D) printing and sacrifice‐based technique has attracted extensive attention. Taking advantage of 3D printing, the method of separating the printed sacrificial template from the biological scaffold to form a 3D channel has become a widely used approach to advance the engineered vasculature. With the development of 3D printing techniques and material science, numerous sacrificial materials have shown their potential in fabricating engineered vasculature. However, several issues remain in this multimethod design, including, but not limited to, the printing process, removal method of sacrificial material, and cell seeding method. This review aims to summarize recent strategies for 3D printing sacrificial templates for fabricating engineered vasculature. The pros and cons of sacrificial materials used in these studies are analyzed. Future perspectives are proposed to fabricate biomimetic‐engineered vasculature. Flexible fabrication processes and materials should be advanced to support the 3D printing of sacrificial templates.
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