Effect of Cross-Linking on Polymer Diffusion in Poly(butyl methacrylate-<i>co</i>-butyl acrylate) Latex Films

Tamai, Toshiyuki; Pinenq, Patrick; Winnik, Mitchell A.

doi:10.1021/ma990369c

Cited by 63 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…7,11,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] To achieve maximum film strength, particles should remain relatively free of crosslinks in the dispersion but undergo extensive crosslinking once they have formed a coating on the substrate. This is because molecular interdiffusion between neighboring particles, which is essential for the generation of latex film strength, [33][34][35] must take place prior to the crosslinking reaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The diacetone acrylamide crosslinking reaction and its influence on the film formation of an acrylic latex

2008

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Waterborne colloidal polymers (i.e. latex) represent a promising alternative to organic solventbased systems in coatings applications. The development of mechanical strength and hardness is often enhanced by chemical crosslinking that creates a threedimensional network. If extensive crosslinking occurs within the particles prior to their coalescence, however, interdiffusion will be prevented. A weaker product will result. We have explored the inter-relationship between coalescence, crosslinking, and surfactant exudation in an acrylic latex containing diacetone acrylamide exploiting the ''keto-hydrazide'' crosslinking reaction. The complementary use of spectroscopic techniques on a model system determined that the crosslinking reaction yields an imine, not an enamine as has been proposed in some literature. Gel fraction measurements were used to probe the rate and amount of crosslinking and identified a slower rate in larger particles, suggesting that the transport of crosslinking agent is rate-limiting. The keto-hydrazide reaction was found to be acid catalyzed and favored at lower water concentration. Measurement of the latex pH relative to the polymer mass fraction during film formation clarified the expected point of onset for crosslinking in relation to particle packing. Atomic force microscopy was used to follow surface leveling relative to the competing influence of crosslinking. The rate and total amount of surfactant exudation were found to be influenced by crosslinking, particle deformability (as determined by the temperature relative to the polymer glass transition temperature), and the evaporation rate (as controlled by the relative humidity). There is evidence that surfactant exudation can be triggered by the particle deformation that occurs at film formation temperatures well above the glass transition temperature.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The diacetone acrylamide crosslinking reaction and its influence on the film formation of an acrylic latex

2008

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“…Th e eff ect of crosslinking on intercellular polymer diff usion in P(BMAco-BA-co-EGDMA) latex fi lms containing 0.1-4 mol% EGDMA as a crosslinking agent was monitored by fl uorescent energy-transfer measurements and by atomic force microscopy in a study by Tamai et al [141]. Th e polymer diff usion decreased with an increase in the levels of crosslinking.…”

Section: Crosslinking Monomer(s)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmentally‐Friendly Acrylates‐Based Polymer Latices

Shukla¹,

Rai

2014

Advanced Materials for Agriculture, Food, and Environmental Safety

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Acrylic copolymers have achieved prime importance in various avenues of industrial application such as adhesive in packaging and construction, binder and stabilizer in textiles, base coat in leather, topcoat in fl oor polish, pigment binder in paper industries, etc. Acrylic resins are generally known to have superior exterior durability and weather resistance compared to other organic binders/fi lm-formers commonly used in surface coatings. Th e emulsion polymerization of acrylic monomers provides a good combination of performance properties required in fi lm formation. Th ese properties depend on the copolymer composition, particle size, molecular weight, glass transition temperature (Tg), morphology of the latex particles, etc.In this chapter, the reaction components and polymerization process conditions that aff ect the inherent characteristics of the polymers are presented. Th ere is a discussion of the incorporation of comonomer, which would lead to an improvement in the fl exibility of fi lms produced along with adhesion, gloss, hardness, solvent resistance, water resistance, etc. Also, there is a recently developed successful approach for achieving balanced properties which involves the copolymerization of fi lm-forming monomers like acrylate and methacrylates with crosslinkable monomers.

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“…Nomura and Fujita [72] studied particle nucleation in the emulsion copolymerization of St. EGDM monomer systems. The combination poly(butyl methacrylate-co-BuA-co-EGDM) was studied by Tamai et al [73]. The effect of cross-linking on intermolecular polymer diffusion in co-polymer latex films was monitored by fluorescent energy-transfer measurements and by atomic force microscopy.…”

Section: Cross-linkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kirsch et al [127] presented a detailed characterization of the core-shell and inverse core-shell particles by static and dynamic light scattering transmission electron microscopy, solid-state NMR, and analytical ultracentrifugation Styrene/diisopropenylbenzene and tert-BuA/EGDMA were used for either the core or shell of the composite microgel particles. The effect of cross-linking on intercellular polymer diffusion in poly(BMA-BA-EGDMA) latex films containing 0.1-4 mol% EGDMA as a cross-linking agent was monitored by fluroscent energytransfer measurements and by atomic force microscopy [73]. These cross-linked latex particles form tough elastomeric films (T g = 10 • C) characterized by high tensile strength.…”

Section: Cross-linkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-polymerization of Acrylates

Srivastava

2009

Designed Monomers and Polymers

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Co-polymers of methyl methacrylates (MMAs) are widely used in coatings because of their film-forming capacity, which is due to better bond-forming tendency with various substrates. The adhesion of coating with various substrates such as wood, metal or plastics is an important property for protective, as well as decorative coatings. Co-polymers of MMA with different monomers such as butyl acrylate (BuA), 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate (2-EHA) and hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate (HEMA) are extensively used for coatings on different substrates to improve the roughness, acid scratch and solvent resistances. Co-polymerization of diacrylates/dimethacrylates of glycols with various alkyl esters have been investigated by several scientists. In the synthesis of these materials an understanding of polymerization mechanism and kinetics is important for better control of gel structure. The rate constant depends largely on the physical properties of the system, which in turn, are strong functions of monomer conversion. Cross-link density is one of them, and T g also depends on it, increasing with increasing cross-link density.

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Effect of Cross-Linking on Polymer Diffusion in Poly(butyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate) Latex Films

Cited by 63 publications

References 25 publications

The diacetone acrylamide crosslinking reaction and its influence on the film formation of an acrylic latex

The diacetone acrylamide crosslinking reaction and its influence on the film formation of an acrylic latex

Environmentally‐Friendly Acrylates‐Based Polymer Latices

Co-polymerization of Acrylates

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