Effect of coupling agents on the vulcanizate structure of carbon black filled natural rubber

Han, Sang-Il; Kim, Wook-Soo; Mun, Dalyong; Ahn, Byungkyu; Kim, Won‐Ho

doi:10.1080/09276440.2019.1637197

Cited by 24 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In addition, the G″ value is higher when the effective filler volume fraction increases [ 48 ]. Tire RR can be calculated using tan δ at 60 °C, which is known to improve fuel efficiency when the value is lower [ 49 ]. Wang reported that tan δ at 60 °C characteristics are attributable to the destruction and reformation of the filler–filler network [ 48 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Molecular Weight of Functionalized Liquid Butadiene Rubber as a Processing Aid on the Properties of SSBR/Silica Compounds

et al. 2021

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Liquid butadiene rubber (LqBR) which used as a processing aid play a vital role in the manufacturing of high-performance tire tread compounds. However, the studies on the effect of molecular weight, microstructure, and functionalization of LqBR on the properties of compounds are still insufficient. In this study, non-functionalized and center-functionalized liquid butadiene rubbers (N-LqBR and C-LqBR modified with ethoxysilyl group, respectively) were synthesized with low vinyl content and different molecular weights using anionic polymerization. In addition, LqBR was added to the silica-filled SSBR compounds as an alternative to treated distillate aromatic extract (TDAE) oil, and the effect of molecular weight and functionalization on the properties of the silica-filled SSBR compound was examined. C-LqBR showed a low Payne effect and Mooney viscosity because of improved silica dispersion due to the ethoxysilyl functional group. Furthermore, C-LqBR showed an increased crosslink density, improved mechanical properties, and reduced organic matter extraction compared to the N-LqBR compound. LqBR reduced the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the compound significantly, thereby improving snow traction and abrasion resistance compared to TDAE oil. Furthermore, the energy loss characteristics revealed that the hysteresis loss attributable to the free chain ends of LqBR was dominant.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Molecular Weight of Functionalized Liquid Butadiene Rubber as a Processing Aid on the Properties of SSBR/Silica Compounds

et al. 2021

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“…The rolling resistance (RR) of tires can be evaluated by assessing the dynamic viscoelastic properties and determining tan δ at 60 °C, where a lower value is indicative of better fuel efficiency [ 47 ]. Further, the loss modulus (E″) at 0 °C is an indicator of the wet grip performance of tires, where a higher value is indicative of improved wet grip performance [ 48 , 49 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Epoxide Content on the Vulcanizate Structure of Silica-Filled Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) Compounds

et al. 2021

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The demand for truck–bus radial (TBR) tires with enhanced fuel efficiency has grown in recent years. Many studies have investigated silica-filled natural rubber (NR) compounds to address these needs. However, silica-filled compounds offer inferior abrasion resistance compared to carbon black-filled compounds. Further, the use of NR as a base rubber can hinder silanization and coupling reactions due to interference by proteins and lipids. Improved silica dispersion be achieved without the use of a silane coupling agent by introducing epoxide groups to NR, which serve as silica-affinitive functional groups. Furthermore, the coupling reaction can be promoted by facilitating chemical interaction between the hydroxyl group of silica and the added epoxide groups. Thus, this study evaluated the properties of commercialized NR, ENR-25, and ENR-50 compounds with or without an added silane coupling agent, and the filler–rubber interaction was quantitatively calculated using vulcanizate structure analysis. The increased epoxide content, when the silane coupling agent was not used, improved silica dispersion, abrasion resistance, fuel efficiency, and wet grip. Once a basic level of silica dispersion was secured by using the silane coupling agent, both the abrasion resistance and wet grip improved with increasing epoxide content. Furthermore, the silane coupling agent could be partially replaced by ENR due to the high filler–rubber interaction between the ENR and silica. Therefore, epoxidation shows potential for resolving the issues associated with poor coupling reactions and abrasion resistance in silica-filled NR compounds.

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“…Coupling agents have been developed toward improving the interfacial bonding of elastomer chains and CB surfaces [ 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 ]. The various chemical groups on carbon black were already discussed ( Figure 10 c).…”

Section: Chemical Modification Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This functionality is mainly on the edges of the graphene sheets, so the reactivity of CB is considerably less than precipitated silica which is entirely covered with -OH groups for potential reaction with silanes [ 36 ]. An example of the reinforcing impact of a carbon black coupling agent (CBCA) on the stress–strain curve for natural rubber is given in Figure 15 from results of Han and coworkers [ 92 ]. Also shown in this figure, the chemical structure of the key coupling agent used in this study has an amino group that reportedly reacts with carboxyl and aldehyde groups on the CB surface during mixing, and the other end bears a sulfur group for reacting with an unsaturated elastomer during the vulcanization stage.…”

Section: Chemical Modification Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nature of Carbon Black Reinforcement of Rubber: Perspective on the Original Polymer Nanocomposite

Robertson¹,

Hardman

2021

Polymers

124

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Adding carbon black (CB) particles to elastomeric polymers is essential to the successful industrial use of rubber in many applications, and the mechanical reinforcing effect of CB in rubber has been studied for nearly 100 years. Despite these many decades of investigations, the origin of stiffness enhancement of elastomers from incorporating nanometer-scale CB particles is still debated. It is not universally accepted whether the interactions between polymer chains and CB surfaces are purely physical adsorption or whether some polymer–particle chemical bonds are also introduced in the process of mixing and curing the CB-filled rubber compounds. We review key experimental observations of rubber reinforced with CB, including the finding that heat treatment of CB can greatly reduce the filler reinforcement effect in rubber. The details of the particle morphology and surface chemistry are described to give insights into the nature of the CB–elastomer interfaces. This is followed by a discussion of rubber processing effects, the influence of CB on crosslinking, and various chemical modification approaches that have been employed to improve polymer–filler interactions and reinforcement. Finally, we contrast various models that have been proposed for rationalizing the CB reinforcement of elastomers.

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Effect of coupling agents on the vulcanizate structure of carbon black filled natural rubber

Cited by 24 publications

References 21 publications

Effects of Molecular Weight of Functionalized Liquid Butadiene Rubber as a Processing Aid on the Properties of SSBR/Silica Compounds

Effects of Molecular Weight of Functionalized Liquid Butadiene Rubber as a Processing Aid on the Properties of SSBR/Silica Compounds

Effect of Epoxide Content on the Vulcanizate Structure of Silica-Filled Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) Compounds

Nature of Carbon Black Reinforcement of Rubber: Perspective on the Original Polymer Nanocomposite

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