“…The majority of research used univariate analysis, namely ratios such as Return on Assets (ROA), Non-Performing Loans (NPL), Return on Equity (ROE), as a measurement of bank performance (Simpson & Kohers, 2002, Soana, 2011, Weber 2017, Chih, Chih, & Chen, 2010, Szegedi, Khan, & Lentner, 2020. However, the use of univariate analysis to assess bank performance has several limitations because it is considered to be affected by earnings management (Forgione, Laguir, & Staglianò, 2020). Thus, efficiency-based performance measurement is the most appropriate measurement for assessing bank performance.…”